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Venetian olive (Olea europaea) germplasm: disclosing the genetic identity of locally grown cultivars suited for typical extra virgin oil productions

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Abstract

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important tree crops of the Mediterranean regions. In spite of the increasing appreciation of typical extra virgin olive oils at world level, based on the use of local traditional varieties, very few studies have focused on the genetic characterisation of olive cultivars of regional interest, such as those grown in Veneto, a North-Eastern Italy region. A deep knowledge of the varieties cultivated in this territory is a key step to address the product quality, to increase market demand and to certify the origin of local olive oils. Here we have analyzed olive cultivars and cultivar groups within the olive cultivation area in Veneto, from the Garda Lake to the Euganean and Trevisan hills, by using discriminant SSR markers, in order to obtain a systematic genetic survey of the Veneto regional olive germplasm patrimony. A total of 203 previously uncharacterized olive samples were collected from ancient trees still grown by local farmers. The analyzed samples included also 36 olive reference cultivars from Veneto and neighbour Regions. We found 57 unique molecular profiles out of this set of olive accessions that were split into 15 cultivar groups corresponding to genetically distinct STRUCTURE clusters. Based on a common SSR database, our 239 Venetian accessions were compared with 280 olive reference genotypes representative of the Mediterranean cultivation area. From the genetic structure analysis, it has been observed that 80% of Venetian cultivars clustered in the central Mediterranean group, about 9% and 2% with the eastern and western varieties, respectively, and all the others resulted intermixed among two or three populations. We found that regionally the most common variety was “Casaliva”, corresponding to the widely diffused cultivar “Frantoio”, while others showed identity with known varieties grown in close regions, such as “Leccino”, “Miniol”, “Capolga” and “Bianchera”. Besides these genotypes, others were not matching any known reference and therefore they could be classified as true local varieties of indigenous origin, possibly deriving from the hybridization and selection made by farmers and from their adaptation to the local soil and climate conditions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Mr. Valerio Cardillo for his valuable help in the sampling of olive tree materials and Dr. Franco Meggio for the definition of the map of the collection sites assisted by the global positioning system. The authors are also indebted with Dr. Massimo Ferasin, Dr. Sergio Carraro, Dr. Gino Bassi, Prof. Claudio Giulivo and Prof. Raffaele Testolin for their help and support in identifying olive cultivars distributed in the Veneto territory as well as for their fruitful contribution in discussions. This paper was written in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. Program of Ibrahim Hmmam by taking advantage of a Doctoral Research Fellowship supported by an Erasmus Mundus grant of the European Community. This work was partially funded by the University of Padova (Ricerca Scientifica Ex 60%) from Prof. Benedetto Ruperti and Prof. Gianni Barcaccia. Partial support to this work was also derived from the BeFOre project—European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (G.A. N. 645595). This manuscript is dedicated to the memory of Gino Bassi for his continuous effort in fruit tree research.

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  1. Ibrahim Hmmam, Roberto Mariotti, Benedetto Ruperti, Nicolò Cultrera have contibuted equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Genomics for Plant Breeding, Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Campus of Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy

    Ibrahim Hmmam, Benedetto Ruperti & Gianni Barcaccia

  2. Division of Perugia, National Research Council - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via Madonna Alta 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy

    Roberto Mariotti, Nicolò Cultrera & Luciana Baldoni

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  1. Ibrahim Hmmam
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Correspondence to Gianni Barcaccia.

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10722_2018_650_MOESM1_ESM.jpg

Phylogenetic tree depicting the genetic relationships among all olive accessions, including the 203 local materials sampled in the Veneto region and the reference varieties: this tree was constructed using the genetic similarity matrix calculated for all pair-wise comparisons on the basis of overall SSR marker data. Only bootstrap values equal to or higher than 50% are reported (reference samples are labelled by Ref) (JPEG 725 kb)

10722_2018_650_MOESM2_ESM.jpg

Population genetic structure analysis of the 203 Venetian olive accessions, including also the reference cultivars found identical or genetically related to local trees: the existence of 15 distinct varietal groups for the olive germplasm cultivated in the Veneto region was hypothesized according to the full genetic identity or high genetic ancestry with the genotypes used as reference (see sample codes labelled by Ref) (JPEG 8761 kb)

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Hmmam, I., Mariotti, R., Ruperti, B. et al. Venetian olive (Olea europaea) germplasm: disclosing the genetic identity of locally grown cultivars suited for typical extra virgin oil productions. Genet Resour Crop Evol 65, 1733–1750 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0650-5

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