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Application of 3-D Electromagnetic Inversion in Practice: Challenges, Pitfalls and Solution Approaches

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Abstract

In recent years, three-dimensional (3-D) inversion of electromagnetic (EM) data gained a lot of attention and the number of 3-D EM case studies has increased. Many publications discuss the challenges and advancements of 3-D inversion with respect to the numerical aspects and often show synthetic studies to prove their assumptions. On the other hand, field data have other/additional demands than synthetic data sets. There are challenges and requirements to fulfil along the entire sequence from survey planning to interpretation. To obtain a meaningful and reliable interpretation it is not sufficient to only be aware of and address issues with respect to one step along this sequence. Ideally one should be concerned with all or at least most of them, because many of these challenges are related to or even consequences of each other. Not all issues when dealing with field data can be solved, but one should at least be aware of the consequences of unavoidable shortcomings as this knowledge may be crucial for interpretation. With the intention to raise awareness, this review comprises a variety of difficulties related to the data acquisition, the numerical part—preparation for and performance of 3-D inversion—and the interpretation itself, when dealing with field data sets. The majority of published work on 3-D EM inversion of field data is related to magnetotellurics; nevertheless, there are also aspects discussed that are specific to other EM methods or illustrate different ideas to deal with challenges (e.g., airborne and controlled-source EM).

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the IAGA Division IV and the organizing committee for the opportunity to prepare and present this review paper at the 23rd Electromagnetic Induction Workshop at Chiang Mai, Thailand. In addition, I would like to thank those within the EM community who have drawn my attention to a range of studies. I particularly would like to thank Karen R Christopherson, William Cumming, Randy Mackie and Rita Streich to share with me their experiences and challenges from a commercial point of view and Steven Constable for making his SEG/AAPG Fall Distinguished Lecture Tour 2016 presentation available. Furthermore, this review has benefited greatly from discussions with Angelika Ullmann, Raphael Dlugosch and Thomas Günther. I also thank two anonymous referees for their patient reading of this rather long manuscript and their detailed suggestions, which certainly improved this manuscript. And last but not least I would like to thank all those persons who accompanied, supported and encouraged me over many years in the ‘EM world’.

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  1. Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics, Stilleweg 2, 30655, Hannover, Germany

    Marion P. Miensopust

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  1. Marion P. Miensopust
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Miensopust, M.P. Application of 3-D Electromagnetic Inversion in Practice: Challenges, Pitfalls and Solution Approaches. Surv Geophys 38, 869–933 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9435-1

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