Abstract
In intensive farming of Atlantic salmon, a large proportion of observed mortality is related to cardiovascular diseases and circulatory failure, indicating insufficient robustness and inadequate cardiac performance. This paper reports on the use of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) where the main objective was to enhance utilisation of fatty acids (FA), considered the main energy source of the heart. In this study, three experiments were conducted: (I) an in vivo study where salmon post-smolt were administrated dietary TTA in sea, (II) an in vitro study where isolated salmon heart cells were pre-stimulated with increasing doses of TTA and (III) an in vivo experiment where salmon post-smolt were subjected to injections with increasing doses of TTA. In study I, TTA-treated fish had a smaller decrease in heart weight relative to fish bodyweight (CSI) in a period after sea transfer compared to the control. This coincided with lowered condition factor and muscle fat in the TTA-treated fish, which may indicate a higher oxidation of lipids for energy. In study II, the isolated hearts treated with the highest dose of TTA had higher uptake of radiolabelled FA and formation of CO2 and acid-soluble products. In study III, expression of genes regulating peroxisomal FA oxidation, cell growth, elongation and desaturation were upregulated in the heart of TTA injected salmon. In contrast, genes involved in FA transport into the mitochondria were not influenced. In conclusion, these experiments indicate that TTA enhances energy production in salmon hearts by stimulation of FA oxidation.
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The in vivo study I and the in vitro study were done in Norway and conducted according to the regulations for fish welfare set by the Norwegian Experimental Animal Authority. In the Faroe Islands, however, there is no legislation concerning experiments with animals, so the local “animal protection act” was adhered to throughout the in vivo II study (Vinnumálaráðið 1990). A fish veterinarian advised on best practice in relation to anaesthetization and injection procedures to ensure no undue suffering of the fish. There was no fish mortality caused by experimental procedures or management practice as effort was put into providing optimal welfare of the fish.
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Arge, R., Dessen, JE., Østbye, TK. et al. Effects of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) treatment on lipid metabolism in salmon hearts—in vitro and in vivo studies. Fish Physiol Biochem 44, 703–716 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-018-0466-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-018-0466-4