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Detection of genetic resistance to cocoa black pod disease caused by three Phytophthora species

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Abstract

Disease has become a major limiting factor for the production of cacao crops. Black pod disease, which is caused by Phytophthora spp., has caused losses of 40 % of the worldwide production of cacao crops. The most efficient way to control black pod disease is to use resistant crop varieties. In this study, a total of 262 genotypes obtained from F1 cacao segregating progeny (TSH 1188 × CCN 51) were evaluated for their genetic resistance to infection by three species of Phytophthora. The descriptive estimates of resistance were significant (p < 0.01), and a high level of heritability was observed for Phytophthora spp. (h2 = 0.759 for P. citrophthora, h2 = 0.839 for P. palmivora, h2 = 0.799 for P. capsici). Statistically distinct homogeneous groups (p < 0.01; Scott–Knott) were observed. Ten genotypes that are resistant to Phytophthora spp. were identified. The frequency of the individuals within each homogeneous group suggests that resistance to black pod disease is oligogenic. Our results, which suggest that resistance to black pod disease in cocoa trees is most likely oligogenic, have extremely important implications for cocoa breeding programs. Resistance to the various species that cause black pod disease in cocoa is associated with genetic variability. This result is very important for cocoa breeding programs that aim to use molecular markers to increase genetic selection gain per unit time. The genotypes of the cocoa progeny segregating in the F1 generation (TSH 1188 × CCN 51) are very useful in studies aimed at increasing cocoa resistance to black pod disease.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Research Foundation of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP, proc. 2008/52197-4) and Coordination of Higher Education Personnel Improvement (CAPES PROCAD NF-2008) for funding and felowships. We would also like to thank the researchers at the Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Analysis (LAGM) of the Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG) at the University of Campinas (UNICAMP/SP, Brasil) and the Center for Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG-UESC/BA, Brazil), as well as the Laboratory of Phytophthora (PhytoLab-CEPLAC/Cepec/BA, Brazil) for providing the facilities required for the execution of this study. We would also like to thank Dr. J. C. Motamayor at the Mars Center of Cocoa Science (MCCS/BA, Brazil) for providing the MP-01 mapping population and logistical support for the collection of field samples. In addition, we are grateful for our collaborators Fernanda Bispo, Ademilde Cerqueira, Tita Primo and Cenilda Rocha for their assistance with black pod phenotyping. We are also grateful for Joaquim Manoel da Silva for performing the statistical analyses.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6010, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-875, Brazil

    M. A. Barreto, J. C. S. Santos & A. P. Souza

  2. Department of Genetics, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45662-900, Brazil

    R. X. Corrêa

  3. Cocoa Research Center (CEPLAC/CEPEC), km 22 Rodovia Ilheus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45600970, Brazil

    E. D. M. N. Luz

  4. MARS Center of Cocoa Science (MCCS), Fazenda Almirante, Rod. BR-101 km-484, CP 55, Itajuípe, BA, CEP 45630-000, Brazil

    J. Marelli

  5. Department of Plant Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-875, Brazil

    A. P. Souza

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  1. M. A. Barreto
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  2. J. C. S. Santos
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  3. R. X. Corrêa
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  4. E. D. M. N. Luz
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  5. J. Marelli
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  6. A. P. Souza
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Correspondence to A. P. Souza.

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Barreto, M.A., Santos, J.C.S., Corrêa, R.X. et al. Detection of genetic resistance to cocoa black pod disease caused by three Phytophthora species. Euphytica 206, 677–687 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-015-1490-4

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