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Agroforestry could be one of the viable options to deal with terminal heat stress in wheat causing yield loss in Indo-Gangetic Plains

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Abstract

Agroforestry (AF) has played a significant role in the restoration and resilience of cropland ecosystems by mitigating carbon (C) emissions, while increasing crop productivity via modulation of micro-climate for underneath trees. The present study compared four land-use systems including three contrasting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) based AF systems viz. deciduous poplar (Populus deltoides), dek (Melia composita) and evergreen eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) vis-à-vis sole cultivation of seven wheat varieties during 2020–22 in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs) of north-western India. These results revealed that sole crop system has significantly (p < 0.05) higher grain (~ 17.7–88.3%) and straw yield (~ 34.4–88.8%), compared with AF based systems. Amongst the AF systems, poplar based system has significantly higher grain yield (~ 44.1%) and contributing attributes viz. number of effective tillers m−2 (~ 8.1%), 1000-grain weight (~ 27.2%) and spike length (~ 27.8%), compared with the eucalyptus based AF system. Results revealed that wheat variety PBW-725 outperformed with ~ 14.1–28.1% higher grain and ~ 12.6–21.4% straw yield, compared with HD-3086 under different land-use systems. Nonetheless, root biomass of PBW-725 was significantly higher (~ 13.2–22.7%) than the HD-3086. Similarly, root C yield of wheat varieties in sole crop system was significantly higher (~ 28.2–127.3%) than the AF systems. Root and stubble biomass exhibited a linear significant relationship with total above-ground biomass of wheat (R2 = 0.970* and 0.969*, respectively; p < 0.05). These results revealed a significantly decreased yield of grain (~ 14.9%), straw (~ 8.2%), root biomass (~ 9.3%), grain C (~ 9.9%) and root C (~ 11.3%) during 2021–22 than 2020–21. The decreased wheat grain yield during 2021–22 than 2020–21 was ascribed to increased minimum temperature (Tmin) by + 1.9°C and maximum temperature (Tmax) by + 2.1°C at milking stage. At physiological maturity, higher Tmin and Tmax by + 1.5°C and + 5.8°C, respectively were responsible for decreased grain yield. Under poplar based AF system, PBW-725 and PBW-677 varieties exhibited a lowest impact of increased temperature with reduction in grain yield of ~ 8.7 and 2.0%, respectively. Conversely, in dek based AF system, HD-3226 outperformed under increased temperature conditions with grain yield advantage of ~ 6.8%. These results would help policymakers to implement an ecologically intensified strategy against foreseen climate change for the IGPs of north-western India.

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All used data is available in the manuscript and in supplementary materials. Original fles are available from author on reasonable request.

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  1. Regional Research Station, Bathinda, Punjab, 151 005, India

    Avtar Singh

  2. PAU-Farm Advisory Service Centre, Bathinda, Punjab, 151 005, India

    Avtar Singh & Pritpal Singh

  3. Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 001, India

    R. I. S. Gill

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Singh, A., Singh, P. & Gill, R.I.S. Agroforestry could be one of the viable options to deal with terminal heat stress in wheat causing yield loss in Indo-Gangetic Plains. Environ Dev Sustain (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04731-1

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