Abstract
The rise of urbanization has led to many critical issues like increased air pollution, emission of more greenhouse gases, sudden climate change, and a rise in temperature of an urban area compared to surrounding rural regions known as urban heat islands (UHI). It becomes crucial to understand the effect of climatic conditions in those areas. In this present research, we have chosen two different cities: Bhopal and Guwahati, situated over different climatic conditions. The study examines the diurnal, seasonal and inter annual variability of surface UHI (SUHI), using MODIS LST (MOD11A2 and MYD11A2) product of 1 km spatial resolution from 2003 to 2018. The temporal trend of LST is estimated using Mann–Kendall and Sen's slope estimator test. This study also evaluates the land use land cover (LULC) change over the two cities using the LULC data. The present research also incorporates the determination of six different driving factors of SUHI starting from built-up area, urban–rural difference in evapotranspiration, black sky albedo, enhanced vegetation index, thermal inertia, and population. Pearson's correlation criteria are used to determine the correlation of SUHI with each of the determinant parameters. The results reveal the presence of a cool urban island during the summer daytime in Bhopal, while Guwahati shows a positive SUHI. The nighttime shows clear evidence and higher SUHI magnitude than the daytime for Bhopal city. Contrary, a reverse phenomenon is evident in Guwahati with higher SUHI magnitude during the daytime compared to nighttime. The negative SUHI variation can be ascribed to rural area dynamics with the majority of cropland cover. The evapotranspiration shows reasonable control of SUHI's daytime variation. Thermal inertia was found to be an influential parameter in explaining the diurnal variation of SUHI.
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The authors are grateful to the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the manuscript. The authors would like to acknowledge the Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India, for providing necessary infrastructure facilities. The authors also acknowledge MHRD and DST NRDMS (Grant Number-NRDMS/01/179/2015(C)), New Delhi, for providing the necessary financial support.
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Mohammad, P., Goswami, A. Exploring different indicators for quantifying surface urban heat and cool island together: A case study over two metropolitan cities of India. Environ Dev Sustain 25, 10857–10878 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02509-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02509-x