Abstract
Daily violations of air quality have an impact on urban populations and cause damage to the environment. Thus, the study evaluated the violations of the daily concentrations of SO2, NO2, and PM10, in regions of the State of São Paulo (SSP), based on the National Environment Council (CONAMA) resolution no 491/2018 and the World Health Organization (WHO - World Health Organization. (2016). Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease.) criteria. Daily SO2, NO2, and PM10data from 6 air quality stations operated by Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo CETESB (1996–2011) were organized and submitted to quality control, with data faults (gaps) being identified. The imputation of data via spline proved satisfactory in filling in the gaps (r > 0.7 and low values of Standard Error of the Estimate (SEE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The cluster analysis (CA) applied to SO2 formed only one homogeneous group (G1). Contrariwise, NO2 and PM10 formed two homogeneous groups (G1 and G2) each. The stations that showed the greatest similarity according to the CA were Cerqueira Cesar and Osasco. The cophenetic matrix generated for SO2 (0.83), NO2 (0.79), and PM10 (0.77) indicate a satisfactory adjustment of the dendrograms. The exploratory statistics applied to groups G1 and G2 point to the high variability of outliers. The WHO criteria are more restrictive than CONAMA regarding daily violations, with a reduction in SO2 and an increase in specific years for NO2 and PM10. Such variability is due to the adoption of public policies by the SSP and the influence of meteorological systems, being confirmed by the Run test that indicated oscillations in the time series, mainly in PM10, and also recognized well-defined biannual cycles.
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References
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Funding
The authors would like to thank CETESB for kindly providing the database of concentrations of pollutants and CPTEC/INPE for the data from the monthly Climananalysis bulletin. The first author thanks the Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology—PGTA, for supporting him during the master's course, the second author thanks the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for the grant of the Post Doctoral scholarship (PNPD), together with the Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology (PGTA). The fourth author thanks CNPq for granting the Research Productivity Scholarship level 2 (Process 309681/2019–7). The fifth author expresses gratitude to the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for the current Postdoctoral Grant (Process 165450/2020–7). The sixth author thanks the Land and Cartography Institute of Rio de Janeiro (ITERJ), and the State Secretary of the Cities (SECID) for supporting his participation in studies such as the present piece.
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Conceptualization, Anderson Silva de Sousa, Givanildo de Gois; methodology, Anderson Silva de Sousa, Givanildo de Gois, Roberta Fernanda da Paz de Souza Paiva, Luiz Cláudio Gomes Pimentel, Paulo Miguel de Bodas Terassi; formal analysis, Anderson Silva de Sousa, Givanildo de Gois, Roberta Fernanda da Paz de Souza Paiva, Luiz Cláudio Gomes Pimentel, Paulo Miguel de Bodas Terassi, Bruno Serafini Sobral, Marcelo Alves Muniz; investigation, Anderson Silva de Sousa, Givanildo de Gois, Roberta Fernanda da Paz de Souza Paiva, Luiz Cláudio Gomes Pimentel, Paulo Miguel de Bodas Terassi, Bruno Serafini Sobral, Marcelo Alves Muniz; resources, Anderson Silva de Sousa, Givanildo de Gois; data curation, Anderson Silva de Sousa, Givanildo de Gois, Roberta Fernanda da Paz de Souza Paiva, Luiz Cláudio Gomes Pimentel, Paulo Miguel de Bodas Terassi; writing-original draft preparation, Anderson Silva de Sousa, Givanildo de Gois, Roberta Fernanda da Paz de Souza Paiva, Luiz Cláudio Gomes Pimentel, Paulo Miguel de Bodas Terassi, Bruno Serafini Sobral, Marcelo Alves Muniz; writing-review and editing Anderson Silva de Sousa, Givanildo de Gois, Roberta Fernanda da Paz de Souza Paiva, Luiz Cláudio Gomes Pimentel, Paulo Miguel de Bodas Terassi, Bruno Serafini Sobral, Marcelo Alves Muniz; visualization, Anderson Silva de Sousa, Givanildo de Gois, Roberta Fernanda da Paz de Souza Paiva, Luiz Cláudio Gomes Pimentel, Paulo Miguel de Bodas Terassi, Bruno Serafini Sobral, Marcelo Alves Muniz; translation, Bruno Serafini Sobral; supervision, Givanildo de Gois; project administration, Givanildo de Gois; funding acquisition, Givanildo de Gois.
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The authors state that they do not have any known financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work presented in this paper. The manuscript titled "Impacts of Urban Emissions and Air Quality in São Paulo State, Brazil" is original and has not been previously published or is currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. All authors have read and approved the manuscript and agree with the authorship order.
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Silva de Sousa, A., de Gois, G., da Paz de Souza Paiva, R.F. et al. Impacts of urban emissions and air quality in São Paulo State, Brazil. Environ Monit Assess 196, 433 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12529-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12529-x