Abstract
The evaluation of environmental and spatial influence in freshwater systems is crucial for the conservation of aquatic diversity. So, we evaluated communities of Odonata in streams inside and outside sustainable use areas in the Brazilian western Amazon. We predicted that these streams would differ regarding habitat integrity and species α and β diversity. We also predict that environmental and spatial variables will be important for both suborders, but with more substantial effects on Zygoptera species, considering their nature of forest-specialist. The study was conducted in 35 streams, 19 inside and 16 outside sustainable use areas. The streams outside presented high species richness, abundance, and number of exclusive forest-specialist species from Zygoptera and higher scores of habitat integrity. In contrast, one sustainable use area presented the lowest values of these metrics. Besides, we found that environmental and spatial variables were significantly associated to Zygoptera species composition, but not with Anisoptera, which can be explained by their cosmopolitan nature. Our results indicated that an interplay between environmental and spatial processes determines the structure of the metacommunities of Zygoptera. The less effective dispersal rates and narrow ecological tolerance of Zygoptera species make them more influenced by local conditions and dispersal limitation, and more sensible to habitat modifications. We highlight the importance of improving the local management of the sustainable use areas by environmental agencies, mainly on areas that are losing their capacity to maintain the aquatic fauna, and implementation of social policies toward traditional people.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Ichthyology Lab (Ictiolab) for logistic support in the surveys; to Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação of Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPa) for collaboration during the sampling procedures and identification of the specimens. We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their contributions, which were all very relevant and helped us to improve the current manuscript.
Funding
This study was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (process: 428961/2018–5) through the project “Diminuindo as lacunas Lineanas e Wallaceanas da biota aquática na Amazônia”; by Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica na Amazônia – PROCAD Amazônia (process: 88887.200518/2018–00), through the project “Efeito do uso e cobertura do solo sobre a biodiversidade e funções ecossistêmicas na Amazônia Sul-Ocidental”; and by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) – Finance Code 001 and process: 88881.145918/2017–01) through project “Adaptação Climática e Conservação da Biodiversidade Brasileira Baseada em Modelos Climáticos Regionais”. We are grateful to Federal Institute of Acre (IFAC) for their support in field activities. JSB thanks CNPq for doctoral scholarship in Brazil (process: 141113/2020–0) and also thanks CAPES, for a scholarship at University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada (88881.690205/2022–01). We thank CNPq for the productivity research grants to LJ (304710/2019–9) and LSB (305929/2022–4).
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Conceptualisation: Joas Silva Brito, Karl Cottenie and Leandro Juen; Data collection: Rafael Costa Bastos and Victor Rennan Santos Ferreira; Methodology: Joas Silva Brito, Rafael Costa Bastos and Victor Rennan Santos Ferreira; Formal analysis and investigation: Joas Silva Brito, Rafael Costa Bastos and Leandro Juen; Writing–original draft preparation: Joas Silva Brito, Karl Cottenie and Leandro Juen; Writing–review and editing: Leandro Schlemmer Brasil, Rafael Costa Bastos, Victor Rennan Santos Ferreira, Gabriel Martins Cruz, Diego Viana Melo Lima, Lisandro Juno Soares Vieira and Thaísa Sala Michelan; Resources: Leandro Juen, Lisandro Juno Soares Vieira and Thaísa Sala Michelan; Supervision: Karl Cottenie and Leandro Juen.
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Brito, J.S., Cottenie, K., Brasil, L.S. et al. Main drivers of dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta; Odonata) metacommunities in streams inside protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Environ Monit Assess 196, 281 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12444-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12444-1