Abstract
Heavy metal pollution has attracted increasing concern due to its high toxicity and persistence. A suitable extraction procedure for available heavy metals in soil is necessary for assessing the ecological risk. In this work, the single extraction methods aided by shaking and microwaves were investigated and analyzed for their ability to extract available heavy metals from soil samples, and a total of 42 soil samples were collected from suburbs of Zhengzhou city in China. The extraction efficiency of Cu, Zn, As, and Cd in the certified fluvo-aquic soil was compared using eight different types of solutions: CaCl2, CH3COONH4, NH4NO3, CH3COOH, Na2EDTA, DTPA, HNO3, and NH4H2PO4. Results indicated that the shaking-assisted method that utilized Na2EDTA as an extractant demonstrated satisfactory efficiency and was chosen for further optimization and that the optimal conditions were obtained using 0.05 M Na2EDTA at pH 7, soil-liquid ratio 1:20, and extraction duration 2 h, which gained the perfect extraction efficiency ranging from 85.8 to 109.5%. The proposed approach has been applied to extract available Cu, Zn, As, and Cd in soils of Zhengzhou suburbs, where the mean values varied from 0.129 to 6.881 mg/kg. The bioavailability of different heavy metals in the soil varies greatly, with Cd having the highest activity in the survey region. Significant (p < 0.01) positive relationships were observed between the available state and the total amount of all the heavy metals. The assessment of health risks associated with heavy metals indicated that there was no risk for chronic non-carcinogenic effects. Even though the total amount of metal elements in suburban soil of Zhengzhou is 1.6% with high carcinogenic risk, the risk of available elements is still within the acceptable range, which verified that the risk grade obtained by the total amount is higher than the actual risk.
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Acknowledgements
Mr. Dominic Yellezuome, a Ph.D. student from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, is greatly acknowledged for his proof reading of the manuscript.
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This research was funded by the Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province Department of China (Grant no. 222102320396).
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Ruiqi Zhang: Writing–original draft, Formal analysis. Xuejin Zhao: Experimental operation, Data curation. Yanxia He: Experimental operation, Methodology. Yifeng He: Conceptualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing–review and editing. Li Ma: Conceptualization, Resources, Software, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing.
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Zhang, R., Zhao, X., He, Y. et al. Extraction methods optimization of available heavy metals and the health risk assessment of the suburb soil in China. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1221 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11775-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11775-9