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First report on the bacterial community composition, diversity, and functions in Ramsar site of Central Himalayas, Nepal

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Abstract

Wetland bacterial communities are highly sensitive to altered hydrology and the associated change in water physicochemical and biological properties leading to shifts in community composition and diversity, hence affecting the ecological roles. However, relevant studies are lacking in the wetlands of central Himalayas Nepal. Thus, we aimed to explore the variation of bacterial communities, diversity, and ecologic functions in the wet and dry periods of a wetland (designed as Ramsar site, Ramsar no 2257) by using 16S rRNA gene-based Illumina MiSeq sequencing. We reported a pronounced variation in water physicochemical and biological properties (temperature, pH, Chla, DOC, and TN), bacterial diversity, and community composition. Bacterial communities in the dry season harbored significantly higher alpha diversity, while significantly higher richness and abundance were reflected in the wet season. Our results uncovered the effect of nutrients on bacterial abundance, richness, and community composition. Fourteen percent of the total OTUs were shared in two hydrological periods, and the largest portion of unique OTUs (58%) was observed in the dry season. Planctomycetes and Bacteroidetes dominated the wet season exclusive OTUs; meanwhile, Actinobacteria dominated the dry season exclusive OTUs. Bacteria in these wetlands exhibited divergent ecological functions during the dry and wet seasons. By disclosing the variation of water bacterial communities in different hydrologic periods and their relationship with environmental factors, this first-hand work in the Ramsar site of Nepal will develop a baseline dataset for the scientific community that will assist in understanding the wetland’s microbial ecology and biogeography.

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Funding

The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (Grant No.2019QZKK0503) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U21A20176) financially supported this work. Namita Paudel Adhikari was supported by CAS-TWAS President’s Fellowship Program (Award no: 20190365) for Ph.D.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Namita Paudel Adhikari

  2. Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Namita Paudel Adhikari

  3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Namita Paudel Adhikari

  4. Policy and Planning Commission, Government of Gandaki Province, Pokhara, 33700, Nepal

    Subash Adhikari

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Study design: Namita Paudel Adhikari. Collection and processing of samples: Subash Adhikari. Experimental work: Namita Paudel Adhikari. Bioinformatics and statistical analysis: Namita Paudel Adhikari, Subash Adhikari. Interpretation of the data: Namita Paudel Adhikari. Drafting and revision of the manuscript: Namita Paudel Adhikari and Subash Adhikari.

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Adhikari, N.P., Adhikari, S. First report on the bacterial community composition, diversity, and functions in Ramsar site of Central Himalayas, Nepal. Environ Monit Assess 195, 573 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11158-0

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