Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Micronutrients and heavy metals in rice farms: the case of Ahvaz and Bawie Counties, Khuzestan Province, Iran

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study addressed micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Co) and heavy metals (As, Pb) in the soil and rice crop in Khuzestan Province, Iran. Twenty-eight composite soil and grain samples from the intended rice farms were garnered during harvest time. Concentrations of the elements in the samples and in the grains were, respectively, determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry device. The average concentration of As, Fe, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn in soil of crop were 2.71, 20,065.8, 10.43, 22.28, 422.28, 5.85, and 47.07 mg/kg, respectively. The physicochemical properties of soil, bioconcentration factor, daily intakes, and health risk assessment of the elements were calculated. The results revealed that the area covered by alkaline saline soils is poor in micronutrients. Bioconcentration factor values of all elements were less than 1. Low levels of bioconcentration factor may be for low levels of nutrients in the soil and physicochemical conditions of the soil. Furthermore, the daily intake of Co (adults’ group) and Fe and Zn (children group) was very low. Health risk assessment showed only adults are threatened by non-cancerous diseases due to excessive value of all the elements (HI = 2.53) and cancerous diseases caused by excessive As and Pb (2.86E-04 and 2.01E-05, respectively). Considering that Khuzestan Province is the fourth largest producer of rice in Iran, the lack of micronutrients and the presence of heavy metals in rice produced in the study area can adversely affect consumers. Further investigation is therefore a must in the region.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Notes

  1. Electrical conductivity.

References

  • Abtahi, M., Fakhri, Y., Oliveri Conti, G., Keramati, H., Zandsalimi, Y., Bahmani, Z., Hosseini Pouya, R., Sarkhosh, M., Moradi, B., & Amanidaz, N. (2017). Heavy metals (As, Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni) concentrations in rice (Oryza sativa) from Iran and associated risk assessment: A systematic review. Toxin Reviews, 36, 331–341.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Acosta, J. A., Faz, A., & Martinez-Martinez, S. (2010). Identification of heavy metal sources by multivariable analysis in a typical Mediterranean city (SE Spain). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 169, 519–530.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Saleh, I., & Abduljabbar, M. (2017). Heavy metals (lead, cadmium, methylmercury, arsenic) in commonly imported rice grains (Oryza sativa) sold in Saudi Arabia and their potential health risk. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 220, 1168–1178.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baltas, H., Sirin, M., Gökbayrak, E., & Ozcelik, A. E. (2020). A case study on pollution and a human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils around Sinop province, turkey. Chemosphere, 241, 125015.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benhaddya, M. L., & Hadjel, M. (2014). Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface soils of Hassi Messaoud Algeria. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71, 1473–1486.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhuiyan, M. A. H., Karmaker, S. C., Bodrud-Doza, M., Rakib, M. A., & Saha, B. B. (2021). Enrichment, sources and ecological risk mapping of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Dhaka district employing SOM PMF AND GIS Methods. Chemosphere, 263, 128339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouis, H. E., Hotz, C., McClafferty, B., Meenakshi, J., & Pfeiffer, W. H. (2011). Biofortification: A new tool to reduce micronutrient malnutrition. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 32, S31–S40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bwatanglang, I., Alexander, P., & Timothy, N. (2019). Vehicle-derived heavy metals and human health risk assessment of exposure to communities along Mubi-Yola highway in Adamawa state (Nigeria). Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 1–13.

  • Cakmak, I., Pfeiffer, W. H., & McClafferty, B. (2010). Biofortification of durum wheat with zinc and iron. Cereal Chemistry, 87, 10–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cancer I A f R o. (2004). Some drinking-water disinfectants and contaminants, including arsenic.

  • Cao, J., Gao, Z., Yan, J., Li, M., Su, J., Xu, J., & Yan, C. -H. (2016). Evaluation of trace elements and their relationship with growth and development of young children. Biological Trace Element Research, 171, 270–274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamannejadian, A., Sayyad, G., Moezzi, A., & Jahangiri, A. (2013). Evaluation of estimated daily intake (edi) of.

  • Chen, Y., Huang, H., He, X., Duan, W., & Mo, X. (2021). Sex differences in the link between blood cobalt concentrations and insulin resistance in adults without diabetes. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 26, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • da Silveria, P. B., Cardoso, S. C., Stelling, M. P., Cadilhe, D. V., & Rehen, S. K. (2014). Valproate reverts zinc and potassium imbalance in schizophrenia-derived reprogrammed cells. Schizophrenia Research., 154, 30–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darvishi Khatooni, J. (2016). Sedimentology and geochemistry of Khuzestan plain Quaternary sediments: Implications on the dust storm production. New Findings in Applied Geology., 10, 92–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimkpa, C. O., & Bindraban, P. S. (2016). Fortification of micronutrients for efficient agronomic production: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 36, 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djahed, B., Taghavi, M., Farzadkia, M., Norzaee, S., & Miri, M. (2018). Stochastic exposure and health risk assessment of rice contamination to the heavy metals in the market of Iranshahr Iran. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 115, 405–412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doabi, S. A., Karami, M., & Afyuni, M. (2019). Heavy metal pollution assessment in agricultural soils of Kermanshah province Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78, 70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Environment C C o M o t. (2007). Canadian soil quality guidelines for the protection of environmental and human health.

  • EPA, U. (1989). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (USA). Office of Solid Waste.

  • Esmaeili, B., Almasian, M., Samani, B., & SAMANI A. (2015). Age dating of Ahwaz fault activities and Karoun river displacement by thermal luminescence and geotechnical studies and recording of new-found faults during performance of Ahwaz urban railway project.

  • FAO/WHO. (2020). Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: Supplement 2: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, prepared by the eightieth meeting of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives (jecfa).

  • Fouladi, M., Mohammadi Rouzbahani, M., Attar Roshan, S., & Sabz Alipour, S. (2020). Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in common cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) emphasis on environmental pollution. Toxin Reviews, 1–16.

  • Gashu, D., Stoecker, B. J., Bougma, K., Adish, A., Haki, G. D., & Marquis, G. S. (2015). Stunting, selenium deficiency and anemia are associated with poor cognitive performance in preschool children from rural Ethiopia. Nutrition Journal, 15, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guillod-Magnin, R., Brüschweiler, B. J., Aubert, R., & Haldimann, M. (2018). Arsenic species in rice and rice-based products consumed by toddlers in Switzerland. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part a., 35, 1164–1178.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S., Brazier, A., & Lowe, N. (2020). Zinc deficiency in low-and middle-income countries: Prevalence and approaches for mitigation. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 33, 624–643.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habib, M. A., Valera, H. G., Yamano, T., Pede, V., & Bashar, K. (2021). Impact of nutrition training on long-term adoption of high zinc rice: A randomized control trial study among female farmers in Bangladesh.

  • Halder, D., Saha, J. K., & Biswas, A. (2020). Accumulation of essential and non-essential trace elements in rice grain: Possible health impacts on rice consumers in west Bengal India. Science of the Total Environment, 706, 135944.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iran Environment Organization. (2020). Permissible limits of soil contamination and contaminants entering it for different soil uses and its guidelines (according to the soil protection law) (in Persian).

  • Jafari, A., Kamarehie, B., Ghaderpoori, M., Khoshnamvand, N., & Birjandi, M. (2018). The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment. Data in Brief, 16, 453–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, M. C., Yun, S. -T., Lee, J. -S., & Lee, J. -U. (2005). Baseline study on essential and trace elements in polished rice from South Korea. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 27, 455–464.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karagas, M. R., Punshon, T., Davis, M., Bulka, C. M., Slaughter, F., Karalis, D., Argos, M., & Ahsan, H. (2019). Rice intake and emerging concerns on arsenic in rice: A review of the human evidence and methodologic challenges. Current Environmental Health Reports, 6, 361–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keshavarzi, B., Moore, F., Ansari, M., Mehr, M. R., Kaabi, H., & Kermani, M. (2015). Macronutrients and trace metals in soil and food crops of Isfahan province Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 1–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khoshgoftarmanesh, A. H., Schulin, R., Chaney, R. L., Daneshbakhsh, B., & Afyuni, M. (2011). Sustainable agriculture (Vol. 2). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiani, B., Amin, F. H., Bagheri, N., Bergquist, R., Mohammadi, A. A., Yousefi, M., Faraji, H., Roshandel, G., Beirami, S., & Rahimzadeh, H. (2021). Association between heavy metals and colon cancer: An ecological study based on geographical information systems in North-eastern Iran. BMC Cancer, 21, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kloss, S., Zehetner, F., Oburger, E., Buecker, J., Kitzler, B., Wenzel, W. W., Wimmer, B., & Soja, G. (2014). Trace element concentrations in leachates and mustard plant tissue (Sinapis alba l.) after biochar application to temperate soils. Science of the Total Environment, 481, 498–508.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kormoker, T., Proshad, R., Islam, M. S., Tusher, T. R., Uddin, M., Khadka, S., Chandra, K., & Sayeed, A. (2020). Presence of toxic metals in rice with human health hazards in Tangail district of Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 1–21.

  • Kukusamude, C., Sricharoen, P., Limchoowong, N., & Kongsri, S. (2021). Heavy metals and probabilistic risk assessment via rice consumption in Thailand. Food Chemistry, 334, 127402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumarathilaka, P., Bundschuh, J., Seneweera, S., & Ok, Y. S. (2021). Rice genotype’s responses to arsenic stress and cancer risk: The effects of integrated birnessite-modified rice hull biochar-water management applications. Science of the Total Environment, 768, 144531.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Luo, G., Chen, X., Yang, X., Hall, M. H., Guo, R., Wang, H., & Cui, J. (2013). Heavy metal contamination of urban soil in an old industrial city (Shenyang) in northeast china. Geoderma, 192, 50–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Wang, X., & Park, S. K. (2021). Associations between rice consumption, arsenic metabolism, and insulin resistance in adults without diabetes. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 237, 113834.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, E., Pimpin, L., Shulkin, M., Kranz, S., Duggan, C. P., Mozaffarian, D., & Fawzi, W. W. (2018). Effect of zinc supplementation on growth outcomes in children under 5 years of age. Nutrients, 10, 377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S., Zhao, H., Wu, K., Zhang, Z., Hou, Y., Chen, T., & Jin, Q. (2020a). Evaluation of heavy metal distribution characteristics of agricultural soil–rice system in a high geological background area according to the influence index of comprehensive quality (iicq). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 20920–20933.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y. -M., Liu, D. -Y., Zhang, W., Chen, X. -X., Zhao, Q. -Y., Chen, X. -P., & Zou, C. -Q. (2020b). Health risk assessment of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, As And Cr) in wheat grain receiving repeated Zn fertilizers. Environmental Pollution, 257, 113581.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lü, Q., Xiao, Q., Wang, Y., Wen, H., Han, B., Zheng, X., & Lin, R. (2021). Risk assessment and hotspots identification of heavy metals in rice: A case study in Longyan of Fujian province, china. Chemosphere, 270, 128626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoudabadi, E., Sarmadian, F., & Moghaddam, R. N. (2015). Spatial distribution of soil heavy metals in different land uses of an industrial area of Tehran (Iran). International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12, 3283–3298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malakootian, M., & Khashi, Z. (2017). Heavy metals contamination of drinking water supplies in southeastern villages of Rafsanjan plain: Survey of arsenic, cadmium, lead and copper. Journal of Health in the Field, 2.

  • Menon, M., Sarkar, B., Hufton, J., Reynolds, C., Reina, S. V., & Young, S. (2020). Do arsenic levels in rice pose a health risk to the UK population? Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 197, 110601.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MJA. (2020). Annual agricultural statistics. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture of Iran.

  • Moghimi, S., Shakiba, A., & Baninaieemeh, S. (2014). Investigation of drought and climate fluctuations using Arima time series (case study: Ahvaz station). In Second National Conference on Sustainable Development of Agriculture and Healthy Environment (In Persian). undefined, pp.

  • Moghtaderi, T., Shakeri, A., & Rodríguez-Seijo, A. (2020). Potentially toxic element content in arid agricultural soils in south Iran. Agronomy, 10, 564.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadeem, F., & Farooq, M. (2019). Application of micronutrients in rice-wheat cropping system of south asia. Rice Science., 26, 356–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naseri, M., Vazirzadeh, A., Kazemi, R., & Zaheri, F. (2015). Concentration of some heavy metals in rice types available in shiraz market and human health risk assessment. Food Chemistry, 175, 243–248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nouri, A. (1970). Influence of soil salinity on production of dry matter and uptake and distribution of nutrients in barley and corn. Ii. Corn (zea mays l.). Agronomy Journal, 62, 46–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pateriya, A., Verma, R. K., Sankhla, M. S., & Kumar, R. (2020). Heavy metal toxicity in rice and its effects on human health. Letters in Applied NanoBioscience, 10, 1833–1845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perignon, M., Fiorentino, M., Kuong, K., Burja, K., Parker, M., Sisokhom, S., Chamnan, C., Berger, J., & Wieringa, F. T. (2014). Stunting, poor iron status and parasite infection are significant risk factors for lower cognitive performance in Cambodian school-aged children. PLoS ONE, 9, e112605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rastmanesh, F., Barati-Haghighi, T., & Zarasvandi, A. (2020a). Assessment of the impact of 2019 Karun River flood on river sediment In Ahvaz city area Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rastmanesh, F., Hasna, Z., & Zarasvandi, A. (2019). Enrichment, origin, and health risks of heavy metals in rice farms, case study: Ahwaz and Bavi counties. Advanced Applied Geology, 9, 75–84. (In Persian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rastmanesh, F., Shalbaf, F., Moradi, R., & Prinzhofer, A. (2020b). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Ahvaz oilfield using environmental indicators. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17, 4669–4678.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reimann, C., Fabian, K., Birke, M., Filzmoser, P., Demetriades, A., Négrel, P., Oorts, K., Matschullat, J., de Caritat, P., & Albanese, S. (2018). Gemas: Establishing geochemical background and threshold for 53 chemical elements in European agricultural soil. Applied Geochemistry, 88, 302–318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo, G., Laganà, A. S., Rapisarda, A. M. C., Ferrera, L., Grazia, G. M., Buscema, M., Rossetti, P., Nigro, A., Muscia, V., & Valenti, G. (2016). Vitamin b12 among vegetarians: Status, assessment and supplementation. Nutrients, 8, 767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roya, A. Q., & Ali, M. S. (2017). Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market Iran. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part b, 10, 59–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakan, S. M., Đorđević, D. S., Manojlović, D. D., & Predrag, P. S. (2009). Assessment of heavy metal pollutants accumulation in the Tisza river sediments. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 3382–3390.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salehi, F., Abdollahi, M., & Abdollahi, Z. (2013). Optimal food basket for the Iranian society. First Edition. Mandegar Thought Publications, Office of Community Nutrition Improvement, Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, College of Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, National Institute of Nutritional Research and Food Industry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

  • Salmeri, N., Villanacci, R., Ottolina, J., Bartiromo, L., Cavoretto, P., Dolci, C., Lembo, R., Schimberni, M., Valsecchi, L., & Viganò, P. (2020). Maternal arsenic exposure and gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 12, 3094.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Setia, R., Dhaliwal, S. S., Singh, R., Kumar, V., Taneja, S., Kukal, S. S., & Pateriya, B. (2021). Phytoavailability and human risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops around Sutlej river India. Chemosphere, 263, 128321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, M., Ara, J., Muhammad, S., Khan, S., & Tariq, S. (2012). Health risk assessment via surface water and sub-surface water consumption in the mafic and ultramafic terrain, Mohmand Agency, Northern Pakistan. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 118, 60–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, S., Nagpal, A. K., & Kaur, I. (2018). Heavy metal contamination in soil, food crops and associated health risks for residents of Ropar wetland, Punjab India and Its Environs. Chemistry, 255, 15–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheykhi, V., & Moore, F. (2013). Evaluation of potentially toxic metals pollution in the sediments of the Kor river, southwest Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 3219–3232.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasarao, C., Gayatri, S. R., Venkateswarlu, B., Jakkula, V., Wani, S., Kundu, S., Sahrawat, K., Rao, B. R., Marimuthu, S., & Krishna, G. G. (2014). Heavy metals concentration in soils under rainfed agro-ecosystems and their relationship with soil properties and management practices. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11, 1959–1972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sulaiman, F. R., Mustaffa, N. F. S., & Khazaai, S. N. M. (2016). Preliminary assessment of selected metals in agricultural soils in Jengka, Pahang Malaysia. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75, 223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, J., He, M., Luo, Q., Adeel, M., & Jiao, F. (2020). Heavy metals in agricultural soils from a typical mining city in china: Spatial distribution, source apportionment, and health risk assessment. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 29.

  • Tattibayeva, D., Nebot, C., Miranda, J. M., Abuova, A. B., Baibatyrov, T. A., Kizatova, M. Z., Cepeda, A., & Franco, C. M. (2016). A study on toxic and essential elements in wheat grain from the republic of Kazakhstan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 5527–5537.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tian, K., Huang, B., Xing, Z., & Hu, W. (2017). Geochemical baseline establishment and ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals in greenhouse soils from Dongtai China. Ecological Indicators, 72, 510–520.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • USEPA. (2016). Integrated risk information system. EPA.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA. (2010). Risk based concentration table.

  • USEPA. (2015). Risk based screening table composite table: Summary tab 0615.

  • Wenzel, W. W., Adriano, D. C., Salt, D., & Smith, R. (1999). Phytoremediation: A plant—microbe-based remediation system. Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils, 37, 457–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y. -P., Zhang, H. -M., Yuan, H. -Y., Duan, G. -L., Jin, D. -C., Zhao, F. -J., & Zhu, Y. -G. (2018). Microbe mediated arsenic release from iron minerals and arsenic methylation in rhizosphere controls arsenic fate in soil-rice system after straw incorporation. Environmental Pollution, 236, 598–608.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, F., Wei, W., Li, M., Huang, R., Yang, F., & Duan, Y. (2015). Heavy metal contamination in rice-producing soils of Hunan province, china and potential health risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12, 15584–15593.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R., Chen, T., Zhang, Y., Hou, Y., & Chang, Q. (2020). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils and identification of main influencing factors in a typical industrial park in northwest china. Chemosphere, 252, 126591.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, T., Sun, F., Lei, Q., Jiang, Z., Luo, J., Lindsey, S., Xu, Y., & Liu, H. (2022). Quantification of soil element changes in long-term agriculture: A case study in northeast china. CATENA, 208, 105766.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

We are grateful to the Research Council of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz for financial support (Grant Number: SCU.EG98.203).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, College of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

    Fatemeh Rastmanesh, Soraya Ghazalizadeh, Fatemeh Shalbaf & Alireza Zarasvandi

Authors
  1. Fatemeh Rastmanesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Soraya Ghazalizadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fatemeh Shalbaf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alireza Zarasvandi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Writing original draft, literature review, and interpretation, FR and SGh; preparing the tables and figures, FSh; and review and editing, AZ.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fatemeh Rastmanesh.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rastmanesh, F., Ghazalizadeh, S., Shalbaf, F. et al. Micronutrients and heavy metals in rice farms: the case of Ahvaz and Bawie Counties, Khuzestan Province, Iran. Environ Monit Assess 195, 173 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10774-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10774-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation