Abstract
Based on the water quality test data of 257 groups of phreatic groundwater and 165 groups of confined groundwater in the Nanchang area and the redox conditions, acid–base conditions and the organic matter content in groundwater, we identified hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of groundwater with high Fe and Mn contents in Nanchang. The results showed that Fe and Mn exceeded the standard in both phreatic and confined groundwater. The over-standard rates of Fe and Mn in groundwater were 8.56–11.52% and 33.07–36.36%, respectively. The degree of pollution Fe and Mn in the confined groundwater is higher than that in the phreatic groundwater, and the degree of pollution caused by Mn is higher than that caused by Fe. The high Fe and Mn contents in groundwater were caused by the release of Fe and Mn minerals from the native environment due to changes in the groundwater environment of the study area. A mild redox environment (Eh < 100) and low pH value are favorable for Fe and Mn enrichment in groundwater. The presence of organic matter accelerates microbial activity and promotes the release of Fe and Mn from aquifer sediments. Therefore, the change in the native environment played an important role in the increase in Fe and Mn content in the study area.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material
The data cannot be made available because of the policy of data providing agency.
References
Barbeau, B., Carriere, A., & Bouchard, M. F. (2011). Spatial and temporal variations of manganese concentrations in drinking water. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A Environmental Science, 46(6), 608–616.
Bondu, R., Cloutier, V., & Rosa, E. (2018). Occurrence of geogenic contaminants in private wells from a crystalline bedrock aquifer in western Quebec, Canada: Geochemical sources and health risks. Journal of Hydrology, 559, 627–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.02.042
Carretero, S., & Kruse, E. (2015). Iron and manganese content in groundwater on the northeastern coast of the Buenos Aires Province. Argentina of Environmental Earth Sciences, 73, 1983–1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3546-5
Chen, C. J., Ma, Q. S., Xu, W. D., & Tian, F. J. (2021). Hydrochemical and genetic analysis of pore groundwater in Nanchang Plain. Ground Water, 43(3), 13–15+96. https://doi.org/10.19807/j.cnki.DXS.2021-03-004. (in Chinese).
Chen, F. S., Fahey, T. J., Yu, M. Y., & Gan, L. (2010). Key nitrogen cycling processes in pine plantations along a short urban–rural gradient in Nanchang China. Forest Ecology and Management, 259(3), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.003
Egbi, C. D., Anornu, G. K., Ganyaglo, S. Y., Appiah-Adjeia, E. K., Li, S. L., & Dampare, S. B. (2020). Nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Lower Volta River Basin of Ghana: Sources and related human health risks. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 191, 110227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110227
Feng, X., Gan, Y. Q., & Duan, Y. H. (2015). Analysis of relationship between nitrogen and the migration and enrichment of arsenic in groundwater in the Jianghan Plain. Safety and Environmental Engineering, 22(2), 39–43+48. (in Chinese).
Hu, Y. F., Deng, L. J., Zhang, S. R., Ni, F. Q., & Zhang, J. (2009). Spatial variability of iron and manganese contents in shallow groundwater in the west of Sichuan Basin. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29(2), 797–803. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.02.030. (in Chinese).
Huang, Y. W., Du, Y., Ma, T., Deng, Y. M., Tao, Y. Q., Xu, Y., & Leng, Z. C. (2021). Dissolved organic matter characterization in high and low ammonium groundwater of Dongting Plain, central China. Ecotox. Environ. Saf., 208, 111779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111779
Jia, Y. F., Xi, B. D., Jiang, Y. H., Guo, H. M., Yang, Y., Lian, X. Y., & Han, S. B. (2018). Distribution, formation and human-induced evolution of geogenic contaminated groundwater in China: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 643, 967–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.201
Khozyem, H., Hamdan, A., Tantawy, A. A., Emam, A., & Elbadry, E. (2019). Distribution and origin of iron and manganese in groundwater: Case study, Balat-Teneida area, El-Dakhla Basin. Egypt of Arabian Journal Geosciences, 12, 523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4689-1
Li, Y., Li, J., Xue, Z. Q., Hu, F. S., Yu, Q. S., & Wu, P. (2018). Spatial distribution of iron and manganese in shallow groundwater in Yinchuan plain. Journal of Arid Land Resources Environmental, 35(5), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2018.149. (in Chinese).
Liang, G. L., Sun, J. C., Huang, G. X., Jing, J. H., Liu, J. T., Chen, X., Zhang, Y. X., & Du, H. Y. (2009). Origin and distribution characteristics of manganese in groundwater of the Zhujiang River Delta. Geology China, 36(4), 899–906. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2009.04.018. (in Chinese).
Lv, X. L., Liu, J. T., Zhou, B., & Zhu, L. (2020). Fe and Mn distribution of groundwater and impact of human activities in the Tacheng Basin, Xinjiang[J]. Geology in China, 47(6), 1765–1775. https://doi.org/10.12029/gc20200613. (in Chinese).
Machado, I., Bühl, V., & Mañay, N. (2019). Total arsenic and inorganic arsenic speciation in groundwater intended for human consumption in Uruguay: Correlation with fluoride, iron, manganese and sulfate. Science of the Total Environment, 681, 497–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.107
Mu, W. P., Wu, X., Wu, C., Hao, Q., Deng, R. C., & Qian, C. (2021). Hydrochemical and environmental isotope characteristics of groundwater in the Hongjiannao Lake Basin. Northwestern China Environmental Earth Sciences, 80(2), 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09281-z
Rehman, I. U., Ishaq, M., Ali, L., Khan, S., Ahmad, I., Din, I. U., & Ullah, H. (2018). Enrichment, spatial distribution of potential ecological and human health risk assessment via toxic metals in soil and surface water ingestion in the vicinity of Sewakht mines, district Chitral, northern Pakistan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 154, 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.033
Sharma, G. K., Jena, R. K., Ray, P., Yadav, K. K., Moharana, P. C., Cabral-Pinto, M. M. S., & Bordoloi, G. (2021). Evaluating the geochemistry of groundwater contamination with iron and manganese and probabilistic human health risk assessment in endemic areas of the world’s largest river island. India Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 87, 103690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2021.103690.
Soldatova, E., Guseva, N., Sun, Z. X., Bychinsky, V., Boeckx, P., & Gao, B. (2017). Sources and behaviour of nitrogen compounds in the shallow groundwater of agricultural areas (Poyang Lake basin, China). Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 202, 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2017.05.002
Soldatova, E., Sun, Z., Maier, S., Drebot, V., & Gao, B. (2018). Shallow groundwater quality and associated non-cancer health risk in agricultural areas (Poyang Lake basin, China). Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(5), 2223–2242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0094-z
Wang, W., Ma, H. D., Shao, X. L., & Wang, C. (2017). Rapid evaluation of mineralization anomaly prospecting target in shallow overburden area: A case study of Beistobe mineralization point in Tacheng Basin. Xinjiang Xinjiang Nonferrous Metals, 40(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.16206/j.cnki.65-1136/tg.2017.01.001. (in Chinese).
Xiong, Y. J., Du, Y., Deng, Y., Ma, T., Li, D., Sun, X. L., Liu, G. N., & Wang, Y. X. (2021). Contrasting sources and fate of nitrogen compounds in different groundwater systems in the Central Yangtze River Basin. Environmental Pollution, 290, 118119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118119
Yadav, K. K., Kumar, S., Pham, Q. B., Gupta, N., Rezania, S., & Kamyab, H. (2019). Fluoride contamination, health problems and remediation methods in Asian groundwater: Comprehensive review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 182, 109362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.045
Yu, D., Zhou, J. L., Zhang, J., Aikelamu, A., & Zeng, Y. Y. (2021). Hydrogeochemistry and evolution of iron and manganese in groundwater in Kashgar. Xinjiang Acta Science Circumstantiae, 41(6), 2169–2181. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?doi=https://doi.org/10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2020.0494. (in Chinese).
Zeng, Z. H. (2004). The background characteristics and formation of Mn element of groundwater in the area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Shanghai Geology, 1, 9–12. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2095-1329.2004.01.003. (in Chinese).
Zhang, M., Huang, G. X., Liu, C. Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, Z. Y., & Wang, J. C. (2020a). Distributions and origins of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium in various aquifers in an urbanized coastal area, south China. Journal of Hydrology, 582, 124528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124528
Zhang, Z., Xiao, C., Adeyeye, O., Yang, W., & Liang, X. (2020). Source and mobilization mechanism of iron, manganese and arsenic in groundwater of Shuangliao City. Northeast China Water, 12(2), 534. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020534
Zhai, Y. Z., Zheng, F. X., Zhao, X. B., Xia, X. L., & Teng, Y. G. (2019). Identification of hydrochemical genesis and screening of typical groundwater pollutants impacting human health: A case study in Northeast China. Environmental Pollution, 252(Pt B), 1202–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.158
Zhang, J., Ji, Y., Yao, Z. D., Zhang, J., & Gao, G. Q. (2019). Effects of heavy metal copper on growth of rice in red soil with high iron content. Journal of Nanchang Institute Technolgy, 38(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-4869.2019.01.012. (in Chinese).
Zhang, C. Y., He, J. T., Zhang, X. W., & Ni, Z. H. (2018b). Geochemical characteristics and genesis analyses of high-arsenic groundwater in the Pearl River Delta. Huan Jing Ke Xue, 39(8), 3631–3639. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.201712159. (in Chinese).
Zhou, J. M., Jiang, Z. C., Xu, G. L., Qin, X. Q., Huang, Q. B., Zhang, L. K., (2019). Major ionic characteristics and controlling factors of karst groundwater at Xiangshui, Chongzuo. Huan Jing Ke Xue, 40(5), 2143–2151. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?doi=https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.20181002. (in Chinese).
Zhang, X. M., Estoque, R. C., & Murayama, Y. J. (2017). An urban heat island study in Nanchang City, China based on land surface temperature and social-ecological variables. Sustainable Cities Society, 32, 557–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.05.005
Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (41907168) and the Investigation and monitoring of groundwater pollution in urban agglomerations around Poyang Lake.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chu, X., Ma, Z., Wu, D. et al. High Fe and Mn groundwater in the Nanchang, Poyang Lake Basin of China: hydrochemical characteristics and genesis mechanisms. Environ Monit Assess 195, 124 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10742-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10742-0