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Appraisal of historical trends in maximum and minimum temperature using multiple non-parametric techniques over the agriculture-dominated Narmada Basin, India

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Abstract

In this study, the long-term trends in climatological parameters, viz., maximum temperature (TMAX) and minimum temperature (TMIN), are determined over 68 years (i.e., June 1951 to May 2019) using the gridded observation datasets (1° × 1° spatial resolution) of India Meteorological Department over the Narmada river basin, India. Multiple non-parametric techniques, viz., modified Mann-Kendall (MMK), Sen’s slope (SS), and Spearman’s rho (SR) tests, are used to determine monthly, seasonal, and annual trends over individual grids. The trends are also analyzed for the climatic variables spatially averaged over the entire basin to draw general conclusions on historical climate change. The results reveal a significant spatiotemporal variation in trends of TMAX and TMIN over the basin. In general, both the parameters are found to be increasing. Furthermore, the hottest months (April and May) have become hotter, and the coldest month (January) has become colder, implying a higher probability of increasing temperature extremes. Furthermore, the entire duration of 68 years is divided into two epochs of 34 years, i.e., 1951–1984 and 1985–2018, and the trend analysis of TMAX and TMIN is also carried out epoch-wise to better understand/assess the signals of climate change in recent years. In general, a relatively higher warming trend was observed in the latter epoch. As a majority of the basin area is dominated by agricultural lands, the implications of the temperature trends and their impacts on agriculture are succinctly discussed. The information reported in this study will be helpful for proper planning and management of water resources over the basin under the changing climatic conditions.

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Availability of data and material

The gridded temperature data from IMD is freely available all over India.

Code availability

The Python codes are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The Python library ‘IMDLIB’ (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4405233) can be used to read and download the IMD gridded data. More details on IMDLIB can be found here: https://imdlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India

    Sabyasachi Swain, Surendra Kumar Mishra, Ashish Pandey & Deen Dayal

  2. Remote Sensing Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Prashant Kumar Srivastava

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Sabyasachi Swain: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, writing–original draft. Surendra Kumar Mishra: supervision, review, and editing. Ashish Pandey: supervision, review, and editing. Deen Dayal: data curation, visualization. Prashant Kumar Srivastava: supervision, review, and editing.

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Swain, S., Mishra, S.K., Pandey, A. et al. Appraisal of historical trends in maximum and minimum temperature using multiple non-parametric techniques over the agriculture-dominated Narmada Basin, India. Environ Monit Assess 194, 893 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10534-6

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