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Comprehensive study of the effects of strobilurin-based fungicide formulations on Enchytraeus albidus

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Abstract

Excessive application of fungicides in crop fields can cause adverse effects on soil organisms and consequently affect soil properties. Existing knowledge on the effects of strobilurin fungicides has been primarily based on toxicity tests with active ingredients, while the effects of fungicide formulations remain unclear. Therefore, this work aims to provide new data on the effects of three commercial formulations of strobilurin fungicides on the soil organism Enchytraeus albidus. The tested fungicide formulations were Retengo® (pyraclostrobin—PYR), Zato WG 50® (trifloxystrobin—TRI) and Stroby WG® (kresoxim-methyl—KM). In laboratory experiments, multiple endpoints were considered at different time points. The results showed that PYR had the greatest impact on survival and reproduction (LC50 = 7.57 mga.i.kgsoil−1, EC50 = 0.98 mga.i.kgsoil−1), followed by TRI (LC50 = 72.98 mga.i.kgsoil−1, EC50 = 16.93 mga.i.kgsoil−1) and KM (LC50 = 73.12 mga.i.kgsoil−1, EC50 ≥ 30 mga.i.kgsoil−1). After 7 days of exposure, MXR activity was inhibited at the highest concentration of all fungicides tested (6 mgPYRkgsoil−1, 15 mgTRIkgsoil−1 and 30 mgKMkgsoil−1). Furthermore, oxidative stress (induction of SOD, CAT and GST) and lipid peroxidation (increase in MDA) were also observed. In addition, there was a decrease in total available energy after exposure to PYR and KM. Exposure to fungicides resulted in a shift in the proportions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins affecting the amount of available energy. In addition to the initial findings on the effects of strobilurin formulations on enchytraeids, the observed results suggest that multiple and long-term exposure to strobilurin formulations in the field could have negative consequences on enchytraeid populations.

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Acknowledgements

This research was conducted in the framework of the DEFENSoil project (Diverse Effects of Environmentally Relevant Metal-based Nanoparticle and Pesticide Mixtures on Soil Fauna: A Novel Issue for Risk Assessment) funded by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) under the contract number: IP-09-2014-4459 and “Young Researchers’ Career Development Project–Training of Doctoral Students” funded by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) (DOK-2018-01-4257).

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  1. Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia

    Marija Kovačević, Nikolina Stjepanović, Davorka K. Hackenberger, Željka Lončarić & Branimir K. Hackenberger

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MK—Conceptualization, investigation, data curation and interpretation, processing of figures and tables in the paper, original draft writing, revising the draft; NS—Investigation, review and editing of draft paper; ŽL—Investigation, review and editing of draft paper; DKHr—Conceptualization, supervision, review and editing of draft paper; BKH—Conceptualization, supervision, funding acquisition, review and editing of draft paper.

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Kovačević, M., Stjepanović, N., Hackenberger, D.K. et al. Comprehensive study of the effects of strobilurin-based fungicide formulations on Enchytraeus albidus. Ecotoxicology 31, 1554–1564 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-022-02609-4

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