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Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and As in maize (Zea mays L) grown close to mine tailings strongly impacts plant development

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Abstract

Potentially toxic metals and metalloids present in mining residues can affect ecosystems, particularly plant growth and development. In this study we evaluated heavy metal (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) and As contents in maize (Zea mays L) plants grown in soils collected near (40 m), at intermediate (400 m) and remote (3000 m) distances from mine tailings near Taxco City, Mexico. Soils sampled near and at intermediate sites from the tailings contained high levels of heavy metals which were 3- to 55-fold higher compared to the control samples. Heavy metal and As content in plants reflected the soil contamination being the greatest for most studied elements in root samples followed by stems, leaves, and kernels. Though plants were capable of completing their life cycle and producing the seeds, high bioaccumulation levels had a strong impact negatively on plant development. Abnormalities in the organs like malformations in reproductive structures (tassel and ear), reduction in the phytomer number and the plant height were present. Microscopic studies and morphometric analyses suggest that strongly affected plant growth result from negative and synergistic action of heavy metals and As in soils on cell growth and cell production. This study showed that maize grown near mine tailings accumulated high levels of heavy metals and As which decrease significantly plant yield and could be dangerous if it is consumed by animals and humans.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Nora Ceniceros, Alejandra Aguayo, and Olivia Cruz for their skillful collaboration in analytical determinations and Guillermina González Mancera for help with scanning electron microscopy.

Funding

The authors appreciate the doctoral fellowship of Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) and the Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) for EAR-H. The work in JGD laboratory is supported by CONACyT (grant A1-S-9236) and Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica-UNAM (grants IN200818 and IN204221).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, CDMX, Mexico City, México

    Esther Aurora Ruiz-Huerta & Ma. Aurora Armienta-Hernández

  2. Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, México

    Joseph G. Dubrovsky

  3. Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, CDMX, Mexico City, México

    Juan Miguel Gómez-Bernal

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  1. Esther Aurora Ruiz-Huerta
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  2. Ma. Aurora Armienta-Hernández
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  3. Joseph G. Dubrovsky
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  4. Juan Miguel Gómez-Bernal
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Contributions

Conceptualization: EAR-H, JMG-B, and MAA-H; formal data analysis: EAR-H, MAA-H, JMG-B, and JGD; project administration: EAR-H and MAA-H; writing—original draft: EAR-H, JMG-B, and JGD; writing—review and editing: EAR-H, JMG-B, MAA-H, and JGD.

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Correspondence to Esther Aurora Ruiz-Huerta.

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Ruiz-Huerta, E.A., Armienta-Hernández, M.A., Dubrovsky, J.G. et al. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and As in maize (Zea mays L) grown close to mine tailings strongly impacts plant development. Ecotoxicology 31, 447–467 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-022-02522-w

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