Abstract
Arsenic is a carcinogenic metalloid, exists in two important oxidation states—arsenate (As–V) and arsenite (As-III). The influence of arsenate with or without silicate on the growth and thiol metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. MTU-1010) seedlings were investigated. Arsenate was more toxic for root growth than shoot growth where the root lengths were short, characteristically fragile and root tips turned brown. The multiple comparison analysis using Tukey’s HSD (honest significant difference) tests indicated that the rate of arsenate accumulation and its conversion to arsenite by arsenate reductase were significantly increased in all arsenate treated seedlings while in seedlings treated jointly with arsenate and silicate, arsenate accumulation and its conversion to arsenite decreased. Silicate content was detected in the seedlings treated with silicate alone and under co-application of arsenate with silicate. In the test seedlings arsenic toxicity increased ascorbate and glutathione contents along with the activities of their regulatory enzymes, viz., ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione–s-transferase to reduce the toxicity level induced by arsenic whereas ascorbate oxidase activity was decreased to maintain sufficient ascorbate pool under arsenate treatment. Phytochelatins production were increased in both root and shoot of the test seedlings under arsenate exposure to alter the detrimental effects of arsenic by chelation with arsenite and their subsequent sequestration into vacuole. Thus, joint application of silicate along with arsenate showed significant alterations on all the parameters tested compared to arsenate treatment alone due to less availability of arsenic in the tissue leading to better growth and metabolism in rice seedlings. Thus use of silicon in arsenic contaminated medium may help to grow rice with improved vigour.
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Abbreviations
- AA :
-
ascorbic acid or ascorbate
- AOX :
-
ascorbate oxidase
- ACN :
-
acetonitrile
- APX :
-
ascorbate peroxidase
- AR :
-
arsenate reductase
- As :
-
arsenic
- As(V) :
-
arsenate
- As(III) :
-
arsenite
- BSA :
-
bovine serum albumin
- Ca(NO 3 ) 2 :
-
calcium nitrate
- CDNB :
-
1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
- CuSO 4 :
-
copper sulfate
- DHA :
-
dehydroascorbate
- DHAR :
-
dehydroascorbate reductase
- DNPH :
-
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
- DTNB :
-
5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid
- DTPA :
-
diethylene triamine penta acetic acid
- DTT :
-
dithiothreitol
- DW :
-
dry weight
- EDTA :
-
ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
- FW :
-
fresh weight
- GSH :
-
glutathione reduced
- GSSG :
-
glutathione oxidized
- GPx :
-
glutathione peroxidase
- GR :
-
glutathione reductase
- GST :
-
glutathione-S-transferase
- H 2 O :
-
water
- H 2 O 2 :
-
hydrogen peroxide
- H 2 SO 4 :
-
sulfuric acid
- H 3 BO 3 :
-
boric acid
- HCl :
-
hydrochloric acid
- HEPES :
-
4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HF :
-
hydrofluoric acid
- HNO 3 :
-
nitric acid
- HPLC :
-
high-performance liquid chromatography
- KI :
-
potassium iodide
- KNO 3 :
-
potassium nitrate
- mBBr :
-
monobromobimane
- MDHA :
-
monodehydroascorbate
- MDHAR :
-
monodehydroascorbate reductase
- MES :
-
2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid
- MgSO 4 :
-
magnesium sulfate
- MnCl 2 :
-
manganese chloride
- MOPS :
-
3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid
- MSA :
-
methanesulfonic acid
- NaBH 4 :
-
sodium tetrahydridoborate
- NaCl :
-
sodium chloride
- NaFeEDTA :
-
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ferric sodium salt
- NaOCl :
-
sodium hypochlorite
- NH 4 NO 3 :
-
ammonium nitrate
- OD :
-
optical density
- PCs :
-
phytochelatins
- PFD :
-
photon flux density
- PMSF :
-
phenylmethane sulfonyl fluoride or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- PVP :
-
polyvinyl pyrrolidone
- ROS :
-
reactive oxygen species
- RT :
-
retention time
- Rt :
-
root
- SE :
-
standard error
- Sh :
-
shoot
- Si :
-
silicon or silicate
- SSA :
-
sulphosalicylic acid
- TCA :
-
trichloroacetic acid
- TFA :
-
trifluoroacetic acid
- ZnSO 4 :
-
zinc sulfate
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, New Delhi for providing DST-INSPIRE Fellowship (No. DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2015/IF150003) to S.D. and Centre of advanced studies of the department for providing infrastructural facilities in completion of the work. The authors are also grateful to Dr. Baidya Nath Pal, Associate Scientist ‘A’ of Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata for his valuable guidance during statistical analysis. The authors are thankful to Scientific Research Laboratory, Kolkata for analysis of arsenic, arsenite and silicate contents from the samples.
Authors' contributions
SD performed the experiments, statistically analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript. BM did part of the experiments. AKB conceived the study, supervised the experimental design and gave final shape of the manuscript. All authors read and are in agreement of the final manuscript.
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Das, S., Majumder, B. & Biswas, A.K. Modulation of growth, ascorbate-glutathione cycle and thiol metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. MTU-1010) seedlings by arsenic and silicon. Ecotoxicology 27, 1387–1403 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-018-1994-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-018-1994-5