Abstract
Genotype and phenotype in mobile organisms can be defined by various factors such as environmental, biological and geographical. Brown noddies Anous stolidus are pan-tropical seabirds breeding at different times, with migratory and resident populations in six islands throughout 20° of latitude in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. If environmental heterogeneity plays a key role in their population biology, we would expect significant genetic structure among colonies. However, absence of genetic structure between phenotypically different populations could play a scenario of ecological plasticity. To test these hypotheses, we used a model-based integrative approach combining genetic (mtDNA and ultraconserved elements) and morphological data of the brown noddy (n = 122) along with environmental variables and isotopic niches. We uncovered low levels of genetic structure, with 16 haplotypes for mtDNA and a signal of an ancient population expansion. Ultraconserved elements indicated that all colonies belong to the same genetic population (K = 1) and revealed substantial endogamy. However, phenotype differed both by biometric measures and isotopic niches between most pairs of populations. Although individuals from the northernmost colony are larger than the others, they are genetically similar, indicating a wide reaction norm for this species. Our results indicate the Southwestern Atlantic populations of the brown noddy are panmictic, but ecologically and morphologically diverse.
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Data availability
DNA sequences are available at GenBank under the accession numbers: PP176671-PP176781 and PP179903-PP179967 for mtDNA (ND2 and ATPase6/8, respectively). SNPs matrix from UCEs loci are available on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10524760). Stable isotope analysis results and biometric measures are provided as supplementary material.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Patrícia Mancini for samples collected during her PhD which were used for genetic analysis in the current study; Gregory Thom e Silva, Vera de Ferran and Fábio Raposo do Amaral for their valuable assistance with bioinformatic analyses; Sandro Bonatto, Gregory Thom e Silva and Silvina Botta for their contributions to the final version of this manuscript; Bruno Andrade de Linhares for samples collected at Martin Vaz; Paul Gerhard Kinas for their helpful insights with Bayesian statistics; Gabriel Canani for help with figure editing. We are also thankful to Laboratório de Genética at FURG for sharing space and equipment where PCRs and sample preparation were carried out. We thank CEMAVE for the provided rings; the conservation units’ teams which cooperated with sampling; Marinha do Brasil, Programa de Pesquisas Científicas da Ilha da Trindade (PROTRINDADE) and Programa Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (PROARQUIPELAGO). We are also thankful for the valuable suggestions provided by the two anonymous reviewers.
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MSM and VM were supported by Master’s fellowships from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). LB is a research fellow of CNPq (310145/2022-8) and NJRF is funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do RS (FAPERGS).
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Conceptualization: MSM, LB; Data curation: MSM, VM; Formal analysis: MSM, NJRF, VM; Funding acquisition: LB; Investigation: MSM, NJRF, VM, LB; Methodology: MSM, NJRF, VM; Project administration: MSM; Resources: LB; Software: MSM; Supervision: LB, NJRF; Validation: MSM; LB, NJRF; Visualization: MSM; Writing – original draft: MSM; Writing – review & editing: MSM; LB; NJRF, VM.
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For this work was provided by Animal Use Ethics Committee from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) under the process number 23116.002603/2021-87 and report PRF037/2022. Sampling was conducted under the approval from Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade (license numbers 76,380 and 22,697).
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Mazzochi, M.S., Muraro, V., Fagundes, N.J.R. et al. Absence of genetic structure among ecologically diverse populations indicate high plasticity in a pantropical seabird. Conserv Genet (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-024-01613-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-024-01613-x