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Genetic structure, diversity, and hybridization in populations of the rare arctic relict Euphrasia hudsoniana (Orobanchaceae) and its invasive congener Euphrasia stricta

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Abstract

Arctic relict populations, which persist in disjunct locations far south of a species’ normal range, are at the frontline of climate change and may be especially susceptible to the negative impacts of climate warming. Further, these relict populations may face increasing contact with, or become outcompeted by, invasive species if the invasive taxa are spreading along with the warming climate. Relict populations are simultaneously of particular conservation importance due to their unique genetic make-up and potential for adaptations to warmer temperatures compared to populations at the core of the species range. In this study, we used genotyping-by-sequencing to study the population genetics of Euphrasia hudsoniana, a polyploid arctic disjunct of conservation concern, at the southern edge of its range along the northwestern shore of Lake Superior. In addition, we examined evidence for hybridization with its invasive congener, E. stricta. Overall, we found clear differentiation between the native and invasive species indicated by nearly all analyses. There was limited evidence for gene flow from the invasive into the native species, but patterns were consistent with more extensive gene flow in the opposite direction. Differentiation among native populations was low, yet two of the five populations fell into a separate, distinct group based on STRUCTURE analyses. Continued genetic monitoring of these populations will help elucidate whether hybridization with invasives is a burgeoning threat for this arctic relict.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge L. Gerdes and G. Gusarova for sharing their expertise on Euphrasia species, M Cleveland, A McCormick, the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and United States Forest Service for facilitating or providing permission to collect samples, J. Manolis for assistance collecting samples, A. Boser, J. Horky, A. Schumann, and M. Wedger for lab support, the Gross, Strasburg, and Etterson labs, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on this manuscript. This work was funded in part by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, administered by the Office for Coastal Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Award NA14NOS4190055 provided to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources for Minnesota’s Lake Superior Coastal Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Leech Lake Division of Resource Management, 15756 State 371 Northwest, Cass Lake, MN, 56633, USA

    Katharine J. Zlonis

  2. Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1035 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA

    Katharine J. Zlonis & Briana L. Gross

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  1. Katharine J. Zlonis
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Correspondence to Katharine J. Zlonis.

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10592_2017_995_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Fig S1. MDS analysis of SNP data, filtered separately for each species then merged (196 SNPs), for a) Euphrasia hudsoniana and Euphrasia stricta individuals sampled from five and two populations respectively along the north shore of Lake Superior and b) the E. hudsoniana individuals only. The first two principal coordinates are plotted. (TIF 38300 KB)

10592_2017_995_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Fig S2. Neighbor joining tree based on SNPs filtered separately for each species then merged (196 SNPs), for a) Euphrasia hudsoniana and Euphrasia stricta individuals sampled from five and two populations respectively and b) E. hudsoniana individuals only. Bootstrap values greater than 0.5 are shown. (TIF 74414 KB)

10592_2017_995_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Fig S3. Delta K values for putative clusters of Euphrasia hudsoniana and E. stricta individuals (a) and E. hudsoniana individuals (b) (‘filtered together’ dataset; 972 SNPs). Delta K = mean(|L”(K)|)/sd(L(K)). (TIF 23852 KB)

10592_2017_995_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Fig S4. STRUCTURE results based on SNP data filtered separately for each species then merged (196 SNPs) for best supported values of K for a) Euphrasia hudsoniana and Euphrasia stricta individuals sampled from five and two populations respectively (K=2) and b) Euphrasia hudsoniana individuals (K=2). (TIF 24219 KB)

10592_2017_995_MOESM5_ESM.tif

Fig S5. Neighbor joining tree based on SNPs ‘filtered together’ (972 SNPs) for a) Euphrasia hudsoniana and E. stricta individuals sampled from five and two populations respectively and b) E. hudsoniana individuals only. Bootstrap values greater than 0.5 are shown. (TIF 74477 KB)

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Zlonis, K.J., Gross, B.L. Genetic structure, diversity, and hybridization in populations of the rare arctic relict Euphrasia hudsoniana (Orobanchaceae) and its invasive congener Euphrasia stricta . Conserv Genet 19, 43–55 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-0995-x

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