Abstract
Variations in snow depth have complex effects on soil microclimate. Snow insulates soil and thus regulates, along with air temperature, the nature, and extent of soil freezing. There is great uncertainty about the main drivers of soil freezing, which have important effects on ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycling processes and might change as climate warms and snowfall decreases as part of climate change. Here, we utilitze sites from a variety of elevations and aspects within the northern hardwood forest at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (New Hampshire, USA) to investigate relationships between seasonal snowpack, soil freezing, and soil microclimate across this gradient using 8 years of bi-weekly snowpack and soil frost-depth measurements, and continuous soil climate monitoring. We utilize a time-integrated snowpack descriptor and find that snowpacks with lower seasonal snow water equivalents result in more soil temperature variation and deeper soil frost but have no effect on variation in soil moisture. Seasonal snow water equivalent of the snowpack influences the date of rapid soil warming in the spring, which in turn influences both summer soil moisture and an index of annual cumulative soil heat. These results show that snowpack dynamics, which are highly sensitive to changes in climate, have wide-ranging effects on soil microclimate year-round and thus could have important implications for ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycling processes.
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Data availability
Soil temperature and moisture data: https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/7409e6255a71e18f6d0c4b726f68b65f. Snow water equivalent and soil frost depth data: https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/3958640a5f5ed3af7b5e40a5cc710b40. Air temperature data: https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/5885076607dd57101dfd6129758d5adc.
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This work was supported through the National Science Foundation’s Long-term Ecological Research (LTER) and Ecosystem Studies programs, and a joint-venture agreement between Case Western Reserve University and the Northern Research Station of the USDA Forest Service. The Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Madison, WI.
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GW and MG led the project by first organizing the data, including gap filling and data hygiene, performing initial data analysis, and sharing the writing responsibilities. JB performed the final data analysis. JC and PG were involved with the project since its inception and repeatedly reviewed drafts of the manuscript. PG was the lead PI on the grant that initiated the project. JM and JD were post-docs who designed the original study and oversaw instrument installation, published initial papers from the study, and provided helpful comments and review of the manuscript toward its final stages.
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Wilson, G., Green, M., Brown, J. et al. Snowpack affects soil microclimate throughout the year. Climatic Change 163, 705–722 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02943-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02943-8