Abstract
In this study, aqueous extracts of cotton linter paper and “Hanji”, which is a Korean traditional paper, were analyzed to evaluate the deterioration of paper cultural heritage. We quantified cello-oligosaccharides, which are water-soluble low-molecular-weight carbohydrates, in extracts from the two types of paper. The degree of polymerization (DP) of aged paper was also evaluated based on the absolute molecular weight of cellulose. The content of water-soluble cello-oligosaccharides (COS) varied according to the degree of cellulose degradation. Therefore, the cellulose hydrolysis rate could be predicted from the linear relationship between the cellulose hydrolysis rate and the water-soluble COS content. The DP calculated using the predicted cellulose hydrolysis rate was accurate if the amount of cello-oligosaccharides extracted exceeded the limit of quantification of COS. Consequently, among the many minimally invasive methods available, this methodology may provide an indirect method to evaluate cellulose degradation by quantifying the carbohydrates dissolved in extracts of cotton linter paper and Hanji.
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the 2021 Cultural Heritage Smart Preservation and Utilization R&D Program of the Cultural Heritage Administration, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (Project name: Development of alternative technology for fumigation using radiation for emergency preservation in response to disasters in cultural heritage, Project Number: 2021A01D07-001, Contribution Rate: 50%). This work was also supported by the Dongguk University Research Fund 2015.
Funding
This research was supported by the 2021 Cultural Heritage Smart Preservation and Utilization R&D Program of the Cultural Heritage Administration, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (Project name: Development of alternative technology for fumigation using radiation for emergency preservation in response to disasters in cultural heritage, Project Number: 2021A01D07-001, Contribution Rate: 50%). In addition, this work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (grant number: NRF-2021M2E8A1049020, NRF-2020R1F1A1076062).
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Conceptualization: MJJ; Methodology: MJJ; Formal analysis: YH, MJJ, KYK and AP; Investigation: YH, MJJ and BSY; Writing—original draft: YH; Writing—review and editing: MJJ; Supervision: MJJ; All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Hwang, Y., Kang, KY., Yang, B.S. et al. Minimally invasive evaluation of cellulose paper degradation using water-soluble carbohydrates. Cellulose 30, 5923–5933 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05231-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05231-7