Abstract
Fluorine-free cellulosic paper was successfully obtained by coating the glassine base paper with eco-friendly cellulosic coating, which was made from dissolving cellulose in 8 wt% NaOH/12 wt% urea aqueous solution. Then the coated paper was severally immersed into CH3COOH, Na2SO4, and H2O solution to coagulate and regenerate. Benefiting from the compact matrix and fully covered surface, the resultant cellulosic paper exhibited favorable barrier properties and mechanical performance. Notably, the paper coagulated with CH3COOH displayed the reduction in water–vapor transmission rate, air permeability, and uptake of organic solvents due to its low porosity (26.8%) and narrow pore size distribution (0.1–0.36 µm). The tensile strength and elongation at break of papers treated by CH3COOH at coating weight of 5 g/m2 were increased by 72.1% and 34.0%, respectively. In summary, the fluorine-free cellulosic paper with high oil and grease resistance is attractive for the development of high-performance materials for food packing applications.
Graphic abstract
Fluorine-free paper was obtained from the glassine base paper coated with eco-friendly, non-fluorinated, and degradable cellulosic coating, then coagulated with CH3COOH, Na2SO4, and H2O solution, respectively. The resultant functional papers displayed enhanced barrier properties (oil, organic solvent, vapor, and gas) and mechanical performance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adsul M, Soni SK, Bhargava SK, Bansal V (2012) Facile approach for the dispersion of regenerated cellulose in aqueous system in the form of nanoparticles. Biomacromol 13:2890–2895. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm3009022
Aloui H, Khwaldia K (2017) Effects of coating weight and nanoclay content on functional and physical properties of bionanocomposite-coated paper. Cellulose 24:4493–4507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1436-1
Aulin C, Shchukarev A, Lindqvist J, Malmström E, Wågberg L, Lindström T (2008) Wetting kinetics of oil mixtures on fluorinated model cellulose surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 317:556–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.09.096
Aulin C, Gällstedt M, Lindström T (2010) Oxygen and oil barrier properties of microfibrillated cellulose films and coatings. Cellulose 17:559–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9393-y
Bertuzzi MA, Castro Vidaurre EF, Armada M, Gottifredi JC (2007) Water vapor permeability of edible starch based films. J Food Eng 80:972–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.07.016
Choi YJ, Kim Lazcano R, Yousefi P, Trim H, Lee LS (2019) Perfluoroalkyl Acid characterization in U.S. municipal organic solid waste composts. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 6:372–377. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00280
Farmahini-Farahani M, Bedane AH, Pan Y, Xiao H, Eic M, Chibante F (2015) Cellulose/nanoclay composite films with high water vapor resistance and mechanical strength. Cellulose 22:3941–3953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0774-0
Fernández L, de Apodaca ED, Cebrián M, Villarán MC, Maté JI (2007) Effect of the unsaturation degree and concentration of fatty acids on the properties of WPI-based edible films. Eur Food Res Technol 224:415–420
French AD (2014) Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs. Cellulose 21(2):885–896
Fu F, Zhang W, Zhang R, Liu L, Chen S, Zhang Y, Yao J (2018) NaOH/urea solution spinning of cellulose hybrid fibers embedded with Ag nanoparticles: influence of stretching on structure and properties. Cellulose 25:7211–7224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2082-y
Geng H, Yuan Z, Fan Q, Dai X, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Qin M (2014) Characterisation of cellulose films regenerated from acetone/water coagulants. Carbohyd Polym 102:438–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.071
Goswami T, Kalita D, Rao PG (2008) Greaseproof paper from Banana (Musa paradisica L.) pulp fibre. Indian J Chem Technol 15:457–461
Inamoto M, Miyamoto I, Hongo T, Iwata M, Okajima K (1996) Morphological formation of the regenerated cellulose membranes recovered from its cuprammonium solution using various coagulants. Polym J 28:507–512. https://doi.org/10.1295/polymj.28.507
Isogai A, Usuda M, Kato T, Uryu T, Atalla R (1989) Solid-state CP/MAS carbon-13 NMR study of cellulose polymorphs. Macromolecules 22:3168–3172
Jiao L, Ma J, Dai H (2015) Preparation and characterization of self-reinforced antibacterial and oil-resistant paper using a NaOH/Urea/ZnO solution. PLoS ONE 10:e0140603. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140603
Khwaldia K (2010) Water vapor barrier and mechanical properties of paper-sodium caseinate and paper-sodium caseinate-paraffin wax films. J Food Biochem 34(5):998–1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00345.x
Kopacic S, Walzl A, Zankel A, Leitner E, Bauer W (2018) Alginate and chitosan as a functional barrier for paper-based packaging materials. Coatings 8:235. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8070235
Kotthoff M, Müller J, Jürling H, Schlummer M, Fiedler D (2015) Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in consumer products. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:14546–14559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4202-7
Li D, Liu J (2003) The reaction theory and application of fluoric oil/grease repellent. World Pulp and Paper 05:51–53
Li W, Wang S, Wang W, Qin C, Wu M (2019) Facile preparation of reactive hydrophobic cellulose nanofibril film for reducing water vapor permeability (WVP) in packaging applications. Cellulose 26:3271–3284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02270-x
Ling Z, Wang T, Makarem M, Santiago Cintrón M, Cheng HN, Kang X, Bacher M, Potthast A, Rosenau T, King H, Delhom CD, Nam S, Vincent Edwards J, Kim SH, Xu F, French AD (2019) Effects of ball milling on the structure of cotton cellulose. Cellulose 26(1):305–328
Liu S, Zeng J, Tao D, Zhang L (2010) Microfiltration performance of regenerated cellulose membrane prepared at low temperature for wastewater treatment. Cellulose 17:1159–1169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9450-6
Lu P, Zhang W, He M, Yan Y, Xiao H (2016) Cellulase-assisted refining of bleached softwood kraft pulp for making water vapor barrier and grease-resistant paper. Cellulose 23:891–900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0833-6
Mao Y, Zhou J, Cai J, Zhang L (2006) Effects of coagulants on porous structure of membranes prepared from cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution. J Membr Sci 279:246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.07.048
Medronho B, Lindman B (2015) Brief overview on cellulose dissolution/regeneration interactions and mechanisms. Adv Coll Interface Sci 222:502–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.05.004
Nouraddini M, Esmaiili M, Mohtarami F (2018) Development and characterization of edible films based on eggplant flour and corn starch. Int J Biol Macromol 120:1639–1645
Nowacka M, Mika A, Wiktor A, Ciosek P, Rybak K, Dadan M et al (2017) Application of various types of coatings in food packaging materials—a review. Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture 21:71–75
Oh SY, Yoo DI, Shin Y, Kim HC, Kim HY, Chung YS, Park WH, Youk JH (2005) Crystalline structure analysis of cellulose treated with sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide by means of X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. Carbohyd Res 340:2376–2391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2005.08.007
Osterberg M, Vartiainen J, Lucenius J, Hippi U, Seppälä J, Serimaa R, Laine J (2013) A fast method to produce strong NFC films as a platform for barrier and functional materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:4640–4647
Rodionova G, Lenes M, Eriksen Ø, Gregersen Ø (2011) Surface chemical modification of microfibrillated cellulose: improvement of barrier properties for packaging applications. Cellulose 18:127–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9474-y
Schaider LA, Balan SA, Blum A, Andrews DQ, Strynar MJ, Dickinson ME, Peaslee GF (2017) Fluorinated Compounds in U.S. Fast Food Packaging. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 4:105–111. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00435
Sehaqui H, Allais M, Zhou Q, Berglund LA (2011) Wood cellulose biocomposites with fibrous structures at micro- and nanoscale. Composites Science and Technology 71:382–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.12.007
Shi Z, Liu Y, Xu H, Yang Q, Xiong C, Kuga S, Matsumoto Y (2018) Facile dissolution of wood pulp in aqueous NaOH/urea solution by ball milling pretreatment. Ind Crops Prod 118:48–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.035
Sjöholm E, Gustafsson K, Pettersson B, Colmsjö A (1997) Characterization of the cellulosic residues from lithium chloride/N, N-dimethylacetamide dissolution of softwood kraft pulp. Carbohyd Polym 32:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(96)00129-4
Sun N, Li W, Stoner B, Jiang X, Lu X, Rogers RD (2011) Composite fibers spun directly from solutions of raw lignocellulosic biomass dissolved in ionic liquids. Green Chem 13:1158. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1gc15033b
Tang Z, Li H, Hess DW, Breedveld V (2016) Effect of chain length on the wetting properties of alkyltrichlorosilane coated cellulose-based paper. Cellulose 23:1401–1413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0877-2
Vogrin N, Stropnik Č, Musil V, Brumen M (2002) The wet phase separation: the effect of cast solution thickness on the appearance of macrovoids in the membrane forming ternary cellulose acetate/acetone/water system. J Membr Sci 207:139–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(02)00119-9
Wróblewska-Krepsztul J, Rydzkowski T, Borowski G, Szczypiński M, Klepka T, Thakur VK (2018) Recent progress in biodegradable polymers and nanocomposite-based packaging materials for sustainable environment. Int J Polym Anal Charact 23(4):383–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/1023666X.2018.1455382
Yuan W, Wu K, Liu N, Zhang Y, Wang H (2018) Cellulose acetate fibers with improved mechanical strength prepared with aqueous NMMO as solvent. Cellulose 25:6395–6404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2032-8
Zhang L, Ruan D, Zhou J (2001) Structure and properties of regenerated cellulose films prepared from cotton linters in NaOH/Urea aqueous solution. Ind Eng Chem Res 40:5923–5928. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0010417
Zhang L, Ruan D, Gao S (2002) Dissolution and regeneration of cellulose in NaOH/thiourea aqueous solution. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys 40:1521–1529. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.10215
Zhang L, Mao Y, Zhou J, Cai J (2005) Effects of coagulation conditions on the properties of regenerated cellulose films prepared in NaOH/Urea aqueous solution. Ind Eng Chem Res 44:522–529. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0491802
Zhong M, Su P, Lai J, Liu Y (2018) Organic solvent-resistant and thermally stable polymeric microfiltration membranes based on crosslinked polybenzoxazine for size-selective particle separation and gravity-driven separation on oil-water emulsions. J Membr Sci 550:18–25
Zhou J, Zhang L, Shu H, Chen F (2002) Regenerated cellulose films from NaOH/urea aqueous solution by coagulating with sulfuric acid. J Macromolecular Sci B 41:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1081/MB-120002342
Zhou X, Yang R, Wang B, Chen K (2019) Development and characterization of bilayer films based on pea starch/polylactic acid and use in the cherry tomatoes packaging. Carbohyd Polym 222:114912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.042
Zhu P, Kuang Y, Chen G, Liu Y, Peng C, Hu W, Zhou P, Fang Z (2018) Starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-coated painting paper with exceptional organic solvent barrier properties for art preservation purposes. J Mater Sci 53(7):5450–5457
Acknowledgments
The research was funded by National Key Technology R&D Program (2017YFB0307900), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (L2190130), and Foundation (201803) of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper (Tianjin University of Science & Technology).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xie, J., Xu, J., Cheng, Z. et al. Facile synthesis of fluorine-free cellulosic paper with excellent oil and grease resistance. Cellulose 27, 7009–7022 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03248-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03248-w