Skip to main content
Log in

The Photoactive Hydrazone-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocyclization Approach to Phenanthridine Derivatives

  • Published:
Catalysis Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with precise designable structures are becoming popular semiconductor materials for photocatalytic applications. In this study, a hydrazone-linked COFs (TFPT-ODH) material was constructed from the reversible polycondensation of 2,4,6-tris(4-formylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine with oxalohydrazide. Thanks to the bottom-up strategy, the as-prepared TFPT-ODH exhibited satisfactory crystallinity, high thermal and chemical stability. The benefit of the combined effects of narrow band gap and efficient separation of photogenerated carriers, the photofunctional TFPT-ODH further demonstrated outstanding photocatalytic activity, stability, and recyclability in the photocatalytic cyclization reactions of 2-isocyanodiaryl compounds with phenylhydrazine. The photocatalytic mechanism for the photocyclization approach to phenylphenanthridines was proposed based on experimental data and spectrum techniques. Our work also demonstrates application in developing COFs-based photocatalysts for the photocatalytic cyclization of bioactive PAHs derivatives.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Scheme 2
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Feng X, Ding X, Jiang D (2012) Covalent organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 41:6010–6022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wang H, Wang H, Wang Z, Tang L, Zeng G, Xu P, Chen M, Xiong T, Zhou C, Li X, Huang D, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Tang J (2020) Covalent organic framework photocatalysts: structures and applications. Chem Soc Rev 49:4135–4165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. DeBlase CR, Silberstein KE, Truong T, Abruña HD, Dichtel WR (2013) β-Ketoenamine-linked covalent organic frameworks capable of pseudocapacitive energy storage. J Am Chem Soc 135:16821–16824

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wu X, Han X, Xu Q, Liu Y, Yuan C, Yang S, Liu Y, Jiang J, Cui Y (2019) Chiral BINOL-based covalent organic frameworks for enantioselective sensing. J Am Chem Soc 141:7081–7089

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Yan S, Guan X, Li H, Li D, Xue M, Yan Y, Valtchev V, Qiu S, Fang Q (2019) Three-dimensional salphen-based covalent organic frameworks as catalytic antioxidants. J Am Chem Soc 141:2920–2924

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Fan H, Mundstock A, Feldhoff A, Knebel A, Gu J, Meng H, Caro J (2018) Covalent organic framework-covalent organic framework bilayer membranes for highly selective gas separation. J Am Chem Soc 140:10094–10098

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Chen R, Shi J, Ma Y, Lin G, Lang X, Wang C (2019) Designed synthesis of a 2D porphyrin-based sp2 carbon-conjugated covalent organic framework for heterogeneous photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed 58:6430–6434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Wei P, Qi M, Wang Z, Ding S, Yu W, Liu Q, Wang L, Wang H, An W, Wang W (2018) Benzoxazole-linked ultrastable covalent organic frameworks for photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 140:4623–4631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Li L, Zhou Z, Li L, Zhuang Z, Bi J, Chen J, Yu Y, Yu J (2019) Thioether-functionalized 2D covalent organic framework featuring specific affinity to Au for photocatalytic hydrogen production from seawater. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 7:18574–18581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Vyas VS, Haase F, Stegbauer L, Savasci G, Podjaski F, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV (2015) A tunable azine covalent organic framework platform for visible light-induced hydrogen generation. Nat Commun 6:8508

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Geng K, He T, Liu R, Dalapati S, Tan K, Li Z, Tao S, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Jiang D (2020) Covalent organic frameworks: design, synthesis, and functions. Chem Rev 120:8814–8933

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu H, Li C, Li H, Ren Y, Chen J, Tang J, Yang Q (2020) Interfaces, structural engineering of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks for visible-light-driven organic transformations. ACS Appl Mater 12:20354–20365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Medina DD, Sick T, Bein T (2017) Photoactive and conducting covalent organic frameworks. Adv Energy Mater 7:1700387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Pachfule P, Acharjya A, Roeser J, Sivasankaran P, R, Ye M, Brückner A, Schmidt J, Thomas A, (2019) Donor-acceptor covalent organic frameworks for visible light induced free radical polymerization. Chem Sci 10:8316–8322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Lan X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Li Q, Wang J, Zhang Q, Bai G (2021) Unveiling charge dynamics in acetylene-bridged donor−π−acceptor covalent triazine framework for enhanced photoredox catalysis. ACS Catal 11:7429–7441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Liu M, Guo L, Jin S, Tan B (2019) Covalent triazine frameworks: synthesis and applications. J Mater Chem A 7:5153–5172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Niu Q, Cheng Z, Chen Q, Huang G, Lin J, Bi J, Wu L (2021) Constructing nitrogen self-doped covalent triazine-based frameworks for visible-light-driven photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into CH4. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 9:1333–1340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Liu Z, Su Q, Ju P, Li X, Li G, Wu Q, Yang B (2020) A hydrophilic covalent organic framework for photocatalytic oxidation of benzylamine in water. Chem Commun 56:766–769

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Liu W, Su Q, Ju P, Guo B, Zhou H, Li G, Wu Q (2017) A hydrazone-based covalent organic framework as an efficient and reusable photocatalyst for the cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction of N-aryltetrahydroisoquinolines. Chemsuschem 10:664–669

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Yang Y, Niu H, Xu L, Zhang H, Cai Y (2020) Triazine functionalized fully conjugated covalent organic framework for efficient photocatalysis. Appl Catal B-Environ 269:118799

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bhadra M, Kandambeth S, Sahoo MK, Addicoat M, Balaraman E, Banerjee R (2019) Triazine functionalized porous covalent organic framework for photo-organocatalytic E-Z isomerization of olefins. J Am Chem Soc 141:6152–6156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Liu S, Liu Z, Su Q, Wu Q (2022) Multifunctional covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids and fluorescence sensing for Cu2+. Microporous and Mesoporous Mater 333:111737–111743

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Meng Y, Luo Y, Shi J, Ding H, Lang X, Chen W, Zheng A, Sun J, Wang C (2020) 2D and 3D porphyrinic covalent organic frameworks: the influence of dimensionality on functionality. Angew Chem Int Ed 59:3624–3629

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Sasmal H, Bag S, Chandra B, Majumder P, Kuiry H, Karak S, Gupta S, Banerjee R (2021) Heterogeneous C–H functionalization in water via porous covalent organic framework nanofilms: a case of catalytic sphere transmutation. J Am Chem Soc 143:8426–8436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Liu S, Pan W, Wu S, Bu X, Xin S, Yu J, Xu H, Yang X (2019) Visible-light-induced tandem radical addition-cyclization of 2-aryl phenyl isocyanides catalysed by recyclable covalent organic frameworks. Green Chem 21:2905–2910

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Haase F, Gottschling K, Stegbauer L, Germann L, Gutzler R, Duppel V, Vyas V, Kern K, Dinnebier R, Lotsch B (2017) Tuning the stacking behaviour of a 2D covalent organic framework through non-covalent interactions. Mat Chem Front 1:1354–1361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Li X, Liang D, Huang W, Sun H, Wang L, Ren M, Wang B, Ma Y (2017) Metal-free photocatalyzed cross coupling of aryl (heteroaryl) bromides with isonitriles. Tetrahedron 73:7094–7099

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Tobisu M, Koh K, Furukawa T, Chatani N (2012) Modular synthesis of phenanthridine derivatives by oxidative cyclization of 2-isocyanobiphenyls with organoboron reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:11363–11366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Li C, Tu S, Yao R, Yan H, Lu C (2016) Visible-light-induced cascade reaction of isocyanides and N-arylacrylamides with diphenylphosphine oxide via radical C–P and C–C bond formation. Org Lett 18:4928–4931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fang J, Shen W, Ao A, Liu F (2017) Transition-metal-free radical fluoroalkylation of isocyanides for the synthesis of tri-/di-/monofluoromethylated phenanthridine. Org Chem Front 4:2049–2053

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Das G, Shinde D, Kandambeth S, Biswal BP, Banerjee R (2014) Mechanosynthesis of imine, β-ketoenamine, and hydrogen-bonded imine-linked covalent organic frameworks using liquid-assisted grinding. Chem Commun 50:12615–12618

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Liu S, Su Q, Qi W, Luo K, Sun X, Ren H, Wu Q (2022) Highly hydrophilic covalent organic frameworks as efficient and reusable photocatalysts for oxidative coupling of amines in aqueous solution. Catal Sci Technol 12:2837–2845

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Uribe-Romo F, Doonan C, Furukawa H, Oisaki K, Yaghi O (2011) Crystalline covalent organic frameworks with hydrazone linkages. J Am Chem Soc 133:114788–211481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Sing K, Everett D, Haul R, Moscou L, Pierotti R, Rouquérol J, Siemieniewska T (1985) Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure & Appl Chem 57:603–619

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Huang W, Ma B, Lu H, Li R, Wang L, Landfester K, Zhang K (2017) Visible-light-promoted selective oxidation of alcohols using a covalent triazine framework. ACS Catal 7:5438–5442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhi Y, Li Z, Feng X, Xia H, Zhang Y, Shi Z, Mu Y, Liu X (2017) Covalent organic frameworks as metal-free heterogeneous photocatalysts for organic transformations. J Mater Chem A 5:22933–22938

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Yang P, Wang R, Zhou M, Wang X (2018) Photochemical construction of carbonitride structures for red-light redox catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed 57:8674–8677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Jiang H, Cheng Y, Wang R, Zheng M, Zhang Y, Yu S (2013) Synthesis of 6-alkylated phenanthridine derivatives using photoredox neutral somophilic isocyanide insertion. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:13289–13292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Rong J, Deng L, Tan P, Ni C, Gu Y, Hu J (2016) Radical fluoroalkylation of isocyanides with fluorinated sulfones by visible-light photoredox catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed 55:2743–2747

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Xiao T, Li L, Lin G, Wang Q, Zhang P, Mao Z, Zhou L (2014) Synthesis of 6-substituted phenanthridines by metal-free, visible-light induced aerobic oxidative cyclization of 2-isocyanobiphenyls with hydrazines. Green Chem 16:2418–2421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51703076), and the Project of Science and Technology Research in the Education Department of Jilin Province.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China, 51703076.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qing Su.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 6016 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Qi, W., Luo, K., Su, Q. et al. The Photoactive Hydrazone-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocyclization Approach to Phenanthridine Derivatives. Catal Lett 153, 2331–2340 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-022-04162-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-022-04162-5

Keywords

Navigation