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Colorectal cancer: a comprehensive review of carcinogenesis, diagnosis, and novel strategies for classified treatments

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Abstract

Colorectal cancer is the third most common and the second deadliest cancer worldwide. To date, colorectal cancer becomes one of the most important challenges of the health system in many countries. Since the clinical symptoms of this cancer appear in the final stages of the disease and there is a significant golden time between the formation of polyps and the onset of cancer, early diagnosis can play a significant role in reducing mortality. Today, in addition to colonoscopy, minimally invasive methods such as liquid biopsy have received much attention. The treatment of this complex disease has been mostly based on traditional treatments including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy; the high mortality rate indicates a lack of success for current treatment methods. Moreover, disease recurrence is another problem of traditional treatments. Recently, new approaches such as targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and nanomedicine have opened new doors for cancer treatment, some of which have already entered the market, and many methods have shown promising results in clinical trials. The success of immunotherapy in the treatment of refractory disease, the introduction of these methods into neoadjuvant therapy, and the successful results in tumor shrinkage without surgery have made immunotherapy a tough competitor for conventional treatments. It seems that the combination of those methods with such targeted therapies will go through promising changes in the future of colorectal cancer treatment.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Mr. Arash Shabanpour for the final edit and grammar check of the paper. Figures were partly generated using Servier Medical Art, provided by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unparted license.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Isar 11, Babol, 47138-18983, Iran

    Roya Abedizadeh, Fateme Majidi, Hamid Reza Khorasani & Davood Sabour

  2. Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Bani-Hashem Square, Tehran, 16635-148, Iran

    Roya Abedizadeh, Fateme Majidi, Hamid Reza Khorasani & Davood Sabour

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

    Hassan Abedi

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Roya Abedizadeh: Conceptualization,Investigation,Writing original draft Fatemeh Majidi: figure preparation Hamid Reza Khorasani: Writing Hassan Abedi: review and editing Davood Sabour: Conceptualization,Supervision, review and editing.

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Abedizadeh, R., Majidi, F., Khorasani, H.R. et al. Colorectal cancer: a comprehensive review of carcinogenesis, diagnosis, and novel strategies for classified treatments. Cancer Metastasis Rev (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-023-10158-3

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