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Combination of factors rather than single disturbance drives perturbation of the nitrogen cycle in a temperate forest

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Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is a critical element in many ecological and biogeochemical processes in forest ecosystems. Cycling of N is sensitive to changes in climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, and air pollution. Streamwater nitrate draining a forested ecosystem can indicate how an ecosystem is responding to these changes. We observed a pulse in streamwater nitrate concentration and export at a long-term forest research site in eastern North America that resulted in a 10-fold increase in nitrate export compared to observations over the prior decade. The pulse in streamwater nitrate occurred in a reference catchment in the 2013 water year, but was not associated with a distinct disturbance event. We analyzed a suite of environmental variables to explore possible causes. The correlation between each environmental variable and streamwater nitrate concentration was consistently higher when we accounted for the antecedent conditions of the variable prior to a given streamwater observation. In most cases, the optimal antecedent period exceeded two years. We assessed the most important variables for predicting streamwater nitrate concentration by training a machine learning model to predict streamwater nitrate concentration in the years preceding and during the streamwater nitrate pulse. The results of the correlation and machine learning analyses suggest that the pulsed increase in streamwater nitrate resulted from both (1) decreased plant uptake due to lower terrestrial gross primary production, possibly due to increased soil frost or reduced solar radiation or both; and (2) increased net N mineralization and nitrification due to warm temperatures from 2010 to 2013. Additionally, variables associated with hydrological transport of nitrate, such as maximum stream discharge, emerged as important, suggesting that hydrology played a role in the pulse. Overall, our analyses indicate that the streamwater nitrate pulse was caused by a combination of factors that occurred in the years prior to the pulse, not a single disturbance event.

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Data availability

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available in the Environmental Data Initiative repository. The streamwater chemistry data are at https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/eml/knb-lter-hbr/208/9. The atmospheric deposition data are at https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/eml/knb-lter-hbr/20/11. The solar radiation data are at https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/eml/knb-lter-hbr/60/11. The soil frost data are at https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/eml/knb-lter-hbr/27/18. The wind speed data are at https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/eml/knb-lter-hbr/56/11. The air temperature data are at https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/eml/knb-lter-hbr/59/12. The precipitation data are at https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/eml/knb-lter-hbr/13/19. The discharge data are at https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/eml/knb-lter-hbr/2/12. The soil lysimeter data are at https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/eml/knb-lter-hbr/62/18.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the technical team that collects and conducts quality assurance on these data: Ian Halm, Tammy Wooster, Don Buso, and Amey Bailey. We also appreciate the constructive comments from three anonymous reviewers that improved this manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation grants DEB-1633026 and DEB-1907683. The Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Madison, WI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Mark B. Green

  2. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH, USA

    Mark B. Green & John L. Campbell

  3. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Burlington, VT, USA

    Linda H. Pardo

  4. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA

    Emma Rosi

  5. Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Emily S. Bernhardt

  6. Department of Civil Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA

    Charles T. Driscoll & Nicholas LoRusso

  7. Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Timothy J. Fahey

  8. School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Nicholas LoRusso

  9. Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA, USA

    Jackie Matthes

  10. Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

    Pamela H. Templer

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  1. Mark B. Green
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Green, M.B., Pardo, L.H., Campbell, J.L. et al. Combination of factors rather than single disturbance drives perturbation of the nitrogen cycle in a temperate forest. Biogeochemistry 166, 139–157 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01105-z

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