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Respiratory fluxes and fine root responses in mature Picea abies trees exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations

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Abstract

With their dominant share in global plant biomass carbon (C), forests and their responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment are key to the global C balance. In this free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) study, we assessed respiratory losses from stems and soil, and fine root growth of ca. 110-year-old Picea abies growing in a near-natural forest in NW Switzerland. We anticipated a stimulation of all three variables in response to a ca. 150 ppm higher CO2 concentration in the tree canopies. During the first 2.5 years of the experiment, stem CO2 efflux (R stem) remained unresponsive to CO2 enrichment. This indicates that there is no enhancement of metabolic activity in phloem and xylem of these mature trees. Soil CO2 efflux (R soil) beneath trees experiencing elevated CO2 (eCO2) showed a slight but significant reduction compared to R soil under control trees. High CO2 trees did not increase their fine root biomass in in-growth cores after 20 months under FACE relative to the fine root fractions collected in undisturbed soil. Tree growth (stem radial increment, not shown here) remained completely unchanged although earlier experiments showed largest responses (if any) during the early years after a step increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. The data presented here suggest C saturation of the study trees at the current close to 400 ppm CO2 ambient concentrations. Together with the high local atmospheric N-deposition rates (ca. 20 kg N ha−1 a−1), our findings imply that factors other that C and N supply appear to constrain growth and metabolism of these mature P. abies trees under eCO2.

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Acknowledgments

We are particularly indebted to E. Amstutz and G. Grun who kept the free air CO2 enrichment system running. We are also notably obliged to S. Jakob, and several student helpers for their support in data collection and sample processing. We thank T. Klein for providing additional fine root biomass and preliminary stem basal increment data that supported our argumentation. Thanks to T. Baisden and the invaluable comments from three anonymous reviewers that greatly helped in improving earlier drafts. Funding came from the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant Nos 31003AB-126028 and 31003A_140753, 31-67775.02, 3100-059769.99, 3100-067775.02, and 3100AO-111914/1). The crane was sponsored by the Swiss Federal Office of the Environment (FOEN).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland

    Manuel Mildner, Martin Karl-Friedrich Bader, Christina Baumann & Christian Körner

  2. New Zealand Forest Research Institute (SCION), Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, 49 Sala Street, 3046, Rotorua, New Zealand

    Martin Karl-Friedrich Bader

  3. UTAS AG Büro für Landschaft, Natur und Siedlung, Brünigstrasse 64, 6074, Giswil, Switzerland

    Christina Baumann

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  1. Manuel Mildner
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Correspondence to Manuel Mildner.

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Responsible Editor: W. Troy Baisden.

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10533_2015_84_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Fig. S1 Raw data of soil respiration (R soil) and soil temperature at 10 cm depth of mature Picea abies exposed to ambient, or elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011 (ambient CO2: n = 5 trees; eCO2: n = 5 trees; mean ± SE). Soil temperature under elevated and ambient CO2 did not differ (n.s.). Therefore, the mean of all trees is plotted (n = 10). The grey-shaded areas on top of the panels denote the FACE periods

10533_2015_84_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Fig. S2 Raw data of stem respiration (R stem) and bark surface temperature of mature Picea abies exposed to ambient, or elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations in 2009, 2010, and 2011 (ambient CO2: n = 5 trees; eCO2: n = 5 trees; mean ± SE). Bark surface temperature under elevated and ambient CO2 did not differ (n.s.). Therefore, the mean of all trees is plotted (n = 10). The grey-shaded areas on top of the panels denote the FACE periods

10533_2015_84_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Fig. S3 Picea abies stem respiration (R stem) response to bark surface temperature (upper panels), and soil respiration (R soil) response to soil temperature 10 cm below ground (lower panels) during the FACE periods of the years 2009, 2010, and 2011. Here, we show raw data of R stem and R soil (i.e. uncorrected for the pre-treatment difference observed between control and treated trees). The inset diagrams in 2009 depict the pre-treatment uncorrected R stem (upper inset) and R soil (lower inset) response in the period before the initiation of FACE in 2009. All respiration measurements were fitted with Lloyd and Taylor (1994) functions. Trees were exposed to ambient (open symbols, dashed line), or elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (filled symbols, solid line). Each symbol represents the mean R stem or R soil rates measured per tree (n = 2–4) and measurement campaign. The Q 10 values indicate the mean increase in the R stem or R soil rate per 10 °C temperature increase (from 5 °C to 15 °C)

10533_2015_84_MOESM4_ESM.pdf

Fig. S4 Tree distribution map at the SCC site near Basel, Switzerland. Outside the perimeter of the crane’s jib, only the Picea abies control trees are depicted, not the surrounding trees

10533_2015_84_MOESM5_ESM.pdf

Fig. S5 Photosynthetic enhancement ratio of one-year old (2008) and current-year (2009) needles prior to the start of CO2 enrichment (pre-treatment, left panel) and 4 weeks after FACE initiation (FACE, right panel). White bars indicate control trees, grey bars indicate trees selected for CO2 enrichment and black bars denote trees receiving CO2 enrichment. Mean ± SE (n = 5 per group/treatment)

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Mildner, M., Bader, M.KF., Baumann, C. et al. Respiratory fluxes and fine root responses in mature Picea abies trees exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Biogeochemistry 124, 95–111 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0084-5

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