Abstract
Edges between adjacent biotopes may hinder or promote spillover of arthropods, influencing their distribution across landscapes. An understanding of spillover between natural and production areas enables management of edge effects for optimal biodiversity conservation. We assessed arthropod assemblages across vineyard-fynbos edges in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, where biodiversity-rich fynbos often borders vineyards. Species richness, assemblage composition, and compartmentalised beta-diversity (species turnover and nestedness) were assessed for three vegetation layers (ground level, lower vegetation, and upper vegetation) to determine bidirectional spillover. Species were also categorised according to biotope affiliation (crop-associated, fynbos-associated, or ubiquitous), based on habitat fidelity. We assessed how species richness of each biotope affiliation was influenced by environmental and management variables. Our main interest was biotope-specific variables which may enhance or impede spillover by influencing arthropods affiliated with the opposite biotope. Arthropod species richness did not differ along vineyard-fynbos transects for ground and lower vegetation layers but was lower in the upper vineyard vegetation compared to fynbos. Arthropod assemblages were distinct between biotopes for upper and lower vegetation but were similar on the soil surface and showed lower nestedness differences, indicating greater spillover by ground-level arthropods. In vineyards, no variables influenced fynbos-associated species, although herbaceous vegetation cover promoted ubiquitous arthropod species richness. Spillover between the biotopes was limited, and no drivers could be identified that promote spillover into vineyards, yet both biotopes supported diverse and distinct arthropod assemblages. Therefore, conservation of natural fynbos patches alongside sensitively managed vineyards is feasible for harmonising biodiversity conservation and viticulture.
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Data availability
Data is available on figshare at the following DOIs: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17206439 (farm management and environmental factors) and https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17206436 (arthropod abundance matrices).
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Acknowledgements
Research was funded by the Mapula Trust and The Lewis Foundation as part of the GreenMatter Fellowship. Many thanks to the landowners, farm managers, and viticulturalists who made their vineyards and management information available to us. Many thanks to A. Dippenaar and F. Roets for the identification of spiders and beetles respectively, and our laboratory assistants, A. Pieterse, M. Eckert, S. Witbooi, and L. van der Merwe for the sorting of field collected samples. Arthropod sampling was approved by CapeNature, permit number AAA007-00144-0056.
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All authors conceived the ideas and designed methodology; MG collected the data; MG, RG, JP analysed the data; MG led the writing of the manuscript. All authors contributed critically to the drafts and gave final approval for publication.
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Geldenhuys, M., Gaigher, R., Pryke, J.S. et al. Maintaining remnant vegetation along with plant diversification in vineyards is optimal for conserving arthropods in an agricultural mosaic in a biodiversity-rich region. Biodivers Conserv 31, 3237–3255 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-022-02486-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-022-02486-7