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History, control, epidemiology, ecology, and economy of the invasion of European rabbits in Chile: a comparison with Australia

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Abstract

We reviewed existing studies on the European rabbit in Chile regarding history, control, epidemiology, ecology, and economic impacts, comparing them with Australia's accumulated knowledge about the same topics. We focused especially on the resulting gaps and challenges to orient efforts toward controlling and managing rabbits in Chile. The European rabbit was first introduced to central Chile in the mid-eighteenth century and was reported as naturalized by 1884. It is among the seven invasive species that most affect Chilean ecosystems and their productive uses. The strongest rabbit impacts have been reported on Chilean islands and in the mainland’s sclerophyllous forest biome. Released rabbits colonized both Juan Fernández Archipelago in 1935, becoming a harmful species damaging endemic vegetation and nesting bird populations, and Tierra del Fuego Island in 1936, becoming competitors for forage with sheep. The sclerophyllous forest in continental Chile is one of the five Mediterranean ecosystems of the world and one of the 34 critical “hotspots” for conserving the planet’s biodiversity. Here, released rabbits and escapees have changed the spatial distribution of native shrubs and herbs, impeding the regeneration of the native matorral. Overall, the impacts of this species during the last 70 years in Chile have been addressed chiefly from a community-ecological perspective, and applied research is lacking for improving public policies and efficient management of this invader. It is urgent to determine the geographical distribution, population size, and drivers of rabbit dynamics to predict their spread and outbreaks. Also, it is necessary to better understand their effects on Chilean natural ecosystems and agroecosystems to assess their economic impacts on biodiversity and production. In addition, it is essential to research pathogens such as Myxoma virus or Lagovirus in Chile, toward determining their prevalence, virulence, and corresponding rabbit immunity, to estimate and potentially harness any contributions such pathogens could make towards controlling populations through biological agents.

Resumen

Revisamos los estudios existentes sobre el conejo europeo en Chile en cuanto a historia, control, epidemiología, ecología e impactos económicos, comparándolos con el conocimiento acumulado en Australia sobre los mismos temas. Nos enfocamos especialmente en los vacíos y desafíos resultantes para orientar los esfuerzos hacia el control y manejo de los conejos en Chile. El conejo europeo se introdujo por primera vez en Chile central a mediados del siglo XVIII y se reportó como naturalizado en 1884. Se encuentra entre las siete especies invasoras que más afectan los ecosistemas chilenos y sus usos productivos. Los impactos más fuertes de los conejos se han reportado en islas chilenas y en el bioma del bosque esclerófilo del continente. Los conejos liberados colonizaron tanto el Archipiélago de Juan Fernández en 1935, convirtiéndose en una especie que daña la vegetación endémica y las poblaciones de aves nidificadoras, como en la Isla Tierra del Fuego en 1936, convirtiéndose en competidores de las ovejas por forraje. El bosque esclerófilo de Chile continental es uno de los cinco ecosistemas mediterráneos del mundo y uno de los 34 “hotspots” críticos para la conservación de la biodiversidad del planeta. Aquí, los conejos liberados y escapados han cambiado la distribución espacial de los arbustos y hierbas nativos, impidiendo la regeneración del bosque esclerófilo. En general, los impactos de esta especie durante los últimos 70 años en Chile han sido abordados principalmente desde una perspectiva comunitaria-ecológica, y falta investigación aplicada para mejorar las políticas públicas y el manejo eficiente de este invasor. Es urgente determinar la distribución geográfica, el tamaño de la población y los impulsores de la dinámica del conejo para predecir su propagación y brotes. Además, es necesario comprender mejor los efectos del conejo sobre los ecosistemas naturales y agroecosistemas chilenos para evaluar sus impactos económicos sobre la biodiversidad y la producción agrícola. Además, es fundamental investigar patógenos como el Myxoma o Lagovirus en Chile, para determinar su prevalencia, virulencia y la correspondiente inmunidad en conejos, para aprovechar cualquier contribución que dichos patógenos puedan hacer para controlar poblaciones a través de agentes biológicos.

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Funding

The authors are grateful to the Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) for the opportunity to carry out this research and to ANID PIA/BASAL FB0002 for funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Jennifer Paola Correa-Cuadros, Gabriela Flores-Benner, Manuel Andrés Muñoz-Rodríguez & Fabian M. Jaksic

  2. Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile

    Jennifer Paola Correa-Cuadros, Gabriela Flores-Benner, Manuel Andrés Muñoz-Rodríguez, Felipe Vásquez & Fabian M. Jaksic

  3. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Cristóbal Briceño

  4. Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), Santiago, Chile

    Miguel Díaz

  5. Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australia

    Tanja Strive

  6. School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

    Felipe Vásquez

  7. Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile

    Felipe Vásquez

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All authors designed the study and contributed to writing different parts of the text. Correa-Cuadros, Flores-Benner, Strive, and Jaksic drafted the unified versions of the manuscript. The first author collected and analyzed the data; the last supported the first as a postdoc.

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Correa-Cuadros, J.P., Flores-Benner, G., Muñoz-Rodríguez, M.A. et al. History, control, epidemiology, ecology, and economy of the invasion of European rabbits in Chile: a comparison with Australia. Biol Invasions 25, 309–338 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02915-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02915-2

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