Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Field reconnaissance on seismic performance and functionality of Turkish industrial facilities affected by the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence

  • S.I. : Natech Risk Assessment of Hazardous Facilities
  • Published:
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

On February 6th, 2023, an earthquake sequence with moment magnitudes (Mw) of 7.8 and 7.5 rocked southern and eastern Turkiye, affecting 15 million-residents and a significant portion of Turkiye’s industrial community. In the days following the earthquake sequence, a reconnaissance team was organized to visit the industrial districts in the five provinces of the earthquake region. While performance and functionality of 131 industrial facilities were inspected using the proposed data-collection protocols, 18 interviews with industrial representatives were conducted. The inspection and interview results show that the earthquake sequence had a significant impact on industrial facilities, resulting in enormous economic losses and business disruptions lasting three months to two years. While the sequence imposed severe demands on the facilities, their poor performance is mostly due to discrepancies between seismic design code requirements and building practice. The most affected facilities were found to be those built before 2000, as well as precast reinforced concrete structures with pin-supported roofs. As a result, these types of facilities in earthquake-prone areas are strongly advised to be re-evaluated. Furthermore, various nonstructural building components, such as claddings and equipment/machinery, were substantially damaged at the majority of the assessed sites, causing lengthy interruptions. To reduce future seismic losses and disruptions to industry, the proposed protocols and findings of this field study can be utilized to support further resilience studies on the development of business continuity plans and risk management approaches for industrial facilities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author Dr. Derya Deniz on reasonable request.

References

  • Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı (AFAD) (2023) 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) Mw 7.7 ve Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) Mw 7.6 Depremlerine İlişkin Ön Değerlendirme Raporu

  • Atlas HGM (2023) General Directorate of Mapping https://atlas.harita.gov.tr/. Accessed multiple times between 7 to 20 February 2023

  • Bekiroglu D (2006) Prefabrike Yapıların Depreme Dayanıklı Tasarımı, Onarım ve Güçlendirilmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.

  • Belleri A, Brunesi E, Nascimbene R, Pagani M, Riva P (2014) Seismic performance of precast industrial facilities following major earthquakes in the italian territory. J Perform Constr Facil 29:1–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Belleri A, Cornali F, Passoni C, Marini A, Riva P (2017) Evaluation of out-of-plane seismic performance of column-to-column precast concrete cladding panels in one-storey industrial buildings. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 47(2):397–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broomfield J (2002) Corrosion of steel in concrete: understanding, investigation and repair, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis, Abingdon

    Google Scholar 

  • Buyuk HF (2023) Turkey: Earthquakes Have Cost Economy $103.6 Billion, Balkan Insight News. https://balkaninsight.com/2023/03/17/turkey-earthquakes-have-cost-economy-103-6-billion Accessed on 5 April 2023

  • Cevre Sehircilik Bakanligi (2019) Damage inspection materials for reinforced concrete and masonry structures (In Turkish; prepared by Ilki A, Demir C, Comert, M, Halici). https://istanbul.csb.gov.tr/hasar-tespit-egitim-dokumanlari-i-95359 Accessed on 26 March 2023

  • Chen S, Lee GC, Shinozuka M (2004) Hazard mitigation for earthquake and subsequent fire. In ANCER Annual Meeting: Networking of Young Earthquake Engineering Researchers and Professionals 2004 Jul 29.

  • Coskun G (2023) 49. Gün. Depremde ölü sayısı ne kadar oldu, güncel yaralı sayısı kaç? CnnTurk News https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/49-gun-depremde-olu-sayisi-ne-kadar-oldu-guncel-yarali-sayisi-kac-hangi-ilde-kac-bina-yikildi-kac-kisi-oldu Accessed 26 March 2023

  • Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Daire Başkanlığı (CSBB) (2023) 2023 Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay Depremleri Raporu

  • Durukal E, Erdik M, Sungay B, Turkmen Z, Harmandar E (2008) Yapısal Olmayan Deprem Risklerinin Azaltılması. Afet Zararlarının Azaltılması Temel İlkeleri, T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı. JICA Türkiye Ofisi

  • Erdik M (2001) Report on 1999 Kocaeli and Düzce (Turkey) earthquakes. Structural control for civil and infrastructure engineering. World Scientific, pp 149–186

  • Eren C, Luş H (2015) A risk based PML estimation method for single-storey reinforced concrete industrial buildings and its impact on earthquake insurance rates. Bull Earthquake Eng 13, 2169–2195 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9712-z

  • Evans S (2023) Verisk (AIR) pegs Turkey quake economic loss at $20bn+, insured at $1bn+. Artemis BMWeb. https://www.artemis.bm/news/verisk-air-pegs-turkey-quake-economic-loss-at-20bn-insured-at-1bn Accessed on 26 March 2023

  • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2016) Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings, Vol.3. Supporting Electronic Materials and Background Documentation, 2nd Edition, FEMA P-58-3, prepared by the Applied Technology Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C

  • Goren M (2023) Depremin Maliyeti Ne Olacak? https://sanayigazetesi.com.tr/depremin-maliyeti-ne-olacak/ Accessed on 5 April 2023

  • Kobe City Fire Department (KCFD) (1995) Investigation report on damages to fire protection systems caused by. the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in Kobe

  • Korkmaz H (2006) Antakya’da Zemin Özellikleri ve Deprem Etkisi arasındaki İlişki. Coğ. Bilimler Dergisi 4(2):49–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Labò S, Eteme M, Marini M, A. et al (2022) Loss of support assessment for precast portal frames with friction connections and masonry infills. Bull Earthq Eng 20:7983–8009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01489-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liberatore L, Sorrentino L, Liberatore D, Decanini L (2013) Failure of industrial structures induced by the Emilia (Italy) 2012 earthquakes. Eng Fail Anal 34:629–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfa

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meacham BJ (2016) Post-earthquake fire performance of buildings: Summary of a large-scale experiment and conceptual framework for integrated performance-based seismic and fire design. Fire Technol 52(4):1133–1157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Middle East Technical University Report (METU- EERC) (2023) 2023 Kahramanmaras-Pazarcik and Elbistan Earthquakes. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16198.75847

  • Olmez H, Deniz D (2023) Assembly-based flood repair cost and time models for industrial buildings in Turkey. Reliability Engineering & System Safety 238: 109444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2023.109444

  • Palanci M, Senel SM, Kalkan A (2017) Assessment of one story existing precast industrial buildings in Turkey based on fragility curves. Bull Earthq Eng 15:271–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9956-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrone D, Calvi PM, Nascimbene R et al (2019) Seismic performance of non-structural elements during the 2016 Central Italy earthquake. Bull Earthq Eng 17:5655–5677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0361-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Risk Management Solutions (RMS) (2000) Kocaeli Event report, Turkey earthquake. https://www.rms.com/Publications/Turkey_Event.pd

  • Safecladding Project (2015) Improved fastening systems of cladding panels for precast buildings in seismic zones. Research for SME Associations Project, pp FP7–314122

  • Scawthorn C (1986) Simulation modeling of fire following earthquake. Proceedings of 3rd National Conference for Earthquake Engineering, Charleston, SC

  • Sekizawa A, Ebihara M, Notake H (2003) Development of seismic-induced fire risk assessment method for a building. Proc., 7th Int. Symp., International Association for Fire Safety Science, Wales, U.K., 309–320

  • Sezen H, Whittaker AS (2005) Seismic Performance of Industrial Facilities Affected by the 1999 Turkey Earthquake. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 20: 1 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2006)20:1(28)

  • Sezen H, Elwood KJ, Whittaker AS, Mosalam KM, Wallace JW, Stanton JF (2000) Structural engineering reconnaissance of the August 17, 1999, Kocaeli (Izmit), Turkey Earthquake. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC) (1998) Ministry of Public Works and Settlement of Turkey, Ankara

  • Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC) (2007) Ministry of Public Works and Settlement of Turkey, Ankara

  • Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC) (2019) Ministry of Public Works and Settlement of Turkey, Ankara

  • Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC) (1975) Ministry of Public Works and Settlement of Turkey, Ankara

  • United States of Geological Survey (USGS) (2003) The 2023 Kahramanmaras, Turkiye Earthquake Sequence. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/storymap/index-turkey2023.html. Accessed on June 20, 2023

  • Yurdakul O, Duran B, Tunaboyu O, Avsar O (2021) Field reconnaissance on seismic performance of RC buildings after the January 24, 2020 Elazığ-Sivrice earthquake. Nat Haz 105:859–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-0434

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK), under the program called “1002-C Emergency Support Program for Reconnaissance Study Focusing on Natural Disasters”. The project funded through the 1002-C program is entitled “6 Şubat 2023’te Yaşanan Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık (Mw = 7.7) ve Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) Merkezli Depremlerden Etkilenen Sanayi Yapılarının Performans ve Hasar Durumlarının Saha Gözlemleri İle Tespiti”, with a Project ID :123D049. The authors would also like to acknowledge the cooperation and assistance of the industry owners and representatives interviewed during the field study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil Engineering Dept., Ozyegin University, Istanbul, Türkiye

    Gulsah Sagbas, Ramin Sheikhi Garjan, Kerem Sarikaya & Derya Deniz

Authors
  1. Gulsah Sagbas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ramin Sheikhi Garjan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kerem Sarikaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Derya Deniz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception, design, methodology and field data collection. Under the supervision of their graduate thesis advisor Dr. Derya Deniz, the three authors Gulsah Sagbas, Ramin Sheikhi Garjan and Kerem Sarikaya organized and processed the collected field data, performed analyses on the data, and prepared materials for the manuscript. All authors supported writing the first draft of the manuscript. The first draft was majorly revised several times by the supervisor Dr. Derya Deniz until the final version was created. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Derya Deniz.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sagbas, G., Sheikhi Garjan, R., Sarikaya, K. et al. Field reconnaissance on seismic performance and functionality of Turkish industrial facilities affected by the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence. Bull Earthquake Eng 22, 227–254 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01741-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01741-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation