Abstract
Attitude-change research requires sound attitude measures adequately predicting behavior. Most existing attitude measures focus on the cognitive (and some on the affective) attitude component (while neglecting the behavioral component). The present research introduces the SABA, a brief scale that consists of Scenarios measuring the Affective and Behavioral components of Attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. In two studies with student and non-student samples (n1 = 66, n2 = 202), we developed a 25-item scale and reduced it by performing exploratory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded two factors (affective and behavioral) for each version (SABA-L for attitudes toward lesbians, SABA-G for attitudes toward gay men). The reduced scales each contained five scenarios showing good reliability. High convergent validity and discriminant validity were shown using explicit and implicit attitude measures in a multitrait–multimethod analysis. Further, SABA scores correlated with the Modern Homonegativity Scale (MHS) and the Attitudes Toward Lesbians (ATL) and Gay Men Scale (ATG), but—as predicted—not with social anxiety and the Homopositivity Scale. The SABA’s criterion and incremental validity were demonstrated in predicting attitude-related behavior better than the MHS. SABA scores showed established associations and differences in antigay attitudes based on age, religiousness, male role norms, authoritarianism, openness (SABA-G only), and sexual orientation, confirming (known-group) validity. Further, the SABA correlated less with the motivation to act without prejudice than the MHS, the ATL, and the ATG. Thus, outperforming existing attitude scales, the SABA appears to be a psychometrically sound instrument to measure attitudes toward lesbians and gay men.
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Notes
Most existing instruments measuring attitudes toward lesbians and gay men explicitly used different terms to describe the assessed constructs, for instance “homophobia,” “(modern) homonegativity,” or “sexual prejudice.” (For a literature review of terms, see Lottes & Grollman, 2010.) However, the assessed constructs sometimes lack clarity, leave space for interpretation, and/or are not clearly defined (Costa, Bandeira, & Nardi, 2013; Schwanberg, 1993). Thus, in the present paper, we specifically refer to attitudes toward lesbians and gay men to describe the assessed construct.
For example, the ATLG produced very skewed scores among student populations in Germany (Steffens, 2005).
Since the affective and behavioral components are theoretically distinct indicating separate factors, we also performed four additional PAF for each component of each version—one for the affective component of SABA-L, one for SABA-L behavioral, one for SABA-G affective, and one for SABA-G behavioral. The graphical parallel analyses (except for SABA-L behavioral), the scree plots, as well as the Kaiser criterion/eigenvalues indicated one-factor solutions. This single unrotated factor of each PAF explained 81% of the variance for SABA-L affective, 56% for SABA-L behavioral, 66% for SABA-G affective, and 50% for SABA-G behavioral. Thus, results indicated that in both versions of the scale (SABA-L and SABA-G), the items of each component load on one factor. Details are available from the first author upon request.
Substantial patterns of findings remained identical when excluding participants who identified as non-heterosexual.
Data were collected before the legalization of same-sex marriage in Germany.
Additionally, we tested the affective and behavioral component, respectively, for each version (SABA-G and SABA-L) in a separate CFA (= four CFA). In these CFA, the affective and behavioral components of the SABA-G both showed a good fit, whereas the CFA including the items of the affective and behavioral components of the SABA-L, respectively, both showed an acceptable model fit. (For model fit indices, see Table 3)
All reported p-values are two-tailed.
We also tested the criterion validity with both, SABA-L and SABA-G, in one logistic regression: Due to the very high correlation of SABA-L and SABA-G (r = .90; as displayed in Table A16), we expected the scales to share predictive value of the overt behavior (signing a petition in favor of same-sex marriage). As expected, results revealed that SABA-G was still a good predictor of signing a petition, B = − 1.31, SE = 0.56, 95% CI [− 2.48, − 0.27], χ2(2, n = 195) = 29.40, p = .02; Nagelkerke’s R2 = .30, but SABA-L did not show an effect anymore, B = 0.01, SE = 0.59, 95% CI [− 1.13, 1.18]. This is in line with previous research and the present results: Attitudes toward gay men are more negative and stronger than attitudes toward lesbians (Herek, 2002; Krosnick & Petty, 1995; Steffens, 2005; Whitley, 2001); thus, SABA-G has better predictive value than SABA-L.
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We thank Fabian Heß for his assistance in data preparation and literature review.
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Preuß, S., Ottenstein, C., Kachel, S. et al. Using Scenarios for Measuring the Affective and Behavioral Components of Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men: Validation of the SABA Scale. Arch Sex Behav 49, 1645–1669 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01653-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01653-7