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Isotope Geochemistry of Groundwater from Fractured Dolomite Aquifers in Central Slovenia

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Abstract

The hydrogeochemistry and isotope geochemistry of groundwater from 85 wells in fractured dolomite aquifers of Central Slovenia were investigated. This groundwater represents waters strongly influenced by chemical weathering of dolomite with an average of δ13CCARB value of +2.2 ‰. The major groundwater geochemical composition is HCO3 − > Ca2+ > Mg2+. Several differences in hydrogeochemical properties among the classes of dolomites were observed when they were divided based on their age and sedimentological properties, with a clear distinction of pure dolomites exhibiting high Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios and low Na+, K+ and Si values. Trace element and nutrient concentrations (SO4 2−, NO3 −) were low, implying that karstic and fractured dolomite aquifers are of good quality to be used as tap water. Groundwater was generally slightly oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite, and dissolved CO2 was up to 46 times supersaturated relative to the atmosphere. The isotopic composition of oxygen (δ18OH2O), hydrogen (δDH2O) and tritium ranged from −10.3 to −8.4 ‰, from −68.5 to −52.7 ‰ and from 3.5 TU to 10.5 TU, respectively. δ18O and δD values fell between the GMWL (Global Meteoric Water Line) and the MMWL (Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line) and indicate recharge from precipitation with little evaporation. The tritium activity in groundwater suggests that groundwater is generally younger than 50 years. δ13CDIC values ranged from −14.6 to −9.3 ‰ and indicated groundwater with a contribution of degraded organic matter/dissolved inorganic carbon in the aquifer. The mass balances for groundwater interacting with carbonate rocks suggested that carbonate dissolution contributes from 43.7 to 65.4 % and degradation of organic matter from 34.6 to 56.3 %.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Mr. Stojan Žigon and Mrs. Barbara Svetek for technical support and performing stable isotope and tritium analysis. The authors acknowledge financial support from the state budget by the Slovenian Research Agency (project “Hydrogeochemistry and evolution of groundwater in karstic and fractured dolomite aquifers” Z1-3670), “Dating of groundwater in deep aquifers in Slovenia (L1-4280)” and the program research group “Cycling of nutrients and contaminants in the environment, mass balances and modelling environmental processes and risk analysis” (P1-0143). Special thanks are given to Dr. Anthony Byrne for linguistic corrections.

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  1. Tjaša Kanduč

    Present address: Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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    Timotej Verbovšek

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Electronic supplementary material

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10498_2015_9281_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 1. Locations and names of the wells, with their unique identifiers (ID) from the database. Topographic map is provided by The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia (http://www.gu.gov.si/en). (TIFF 40416 kb)

10498_2015_9281_MOESM2_ESM.doc

Supplementary material 2. Locations and names of wells, hydrogeochemical, isotopic and modelled SI and pCO2 results of measured parameters. The three underlined samples were below the detection limit and were calculated as LOD/√2. Abbreviations: n. d. = no data, b. d. l. = below detection limit, Q = well discharge, WL = water level, Alk. = Alkalinity. (DOC 279 kb)

Supplementary material 3. Basic statistics of all measured variables. (DOC 111 kb)

10498_2015_9281_MOESM4_ESM.doc

Supplementary material 4. Cross correlation matrix of major measured quantities (T, pH, Conductivity, DO-dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, NO3 −, SO4 2−, SIcalcite, SIdolomite, pCO2, δ13CDIC). Bold numbers mark the significant correlations. (DOC 78 kb)

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Verbovšek, T., Kanduč, T. Isotope Geochemistry of Groundwater from Fractured Dolomite Aquifers in Central Slovenia. Aquat Geochem 22, 131–151 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-015-9281-z

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