Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

HIV Testing in Men who have Sex with Men: A Follow-up Review of the Qualitative Literature since 2010

  • Substantive Review
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The landscape of HIV testing has changed significantly in recent years following the rise in importance of the ‘treatment as prevention’ strategy and advancements in new HIV testing and prevention technologies. This review provides a synthesis of qualitative research findings published since 2010 on preferences and practices of men who have sex with men (MSM) surrounding HIV testing in high-income settings. MSM are one of the hardest groups to reach with standard or conventional HIV testing approaches. To develop innovative testing strategies for this particular group, a good understanding of their concerns, barriers and facilitators of accessing HIV testing is needed. This updated review provides valuable information for improving existing programs and designing new testing services for MSM.

Resumen

El panorama de las pruebas para VIH ha cambiado significativamente en los últimos años por la creciente importancia del “tratamiento preventivo” como estrategia y los avances tanto en nuevas pruebas como en tecnologías preventivas. Esta revisión es una síntesis de hallazgos en estudios cualitativos publicados desde 2010 acerca de las preferencias y prácticas de hombres homosexuales (HH), en relación con pruebas de VIH en clases sociales de altos ingresos. Los hombres homosexuales son uno de los grupos más difíciles de abordar con pruebas de VIH standard o convencionales. Es necesario entender las preocupaciones, barreras y facilitadores de este grupo en particular para desarrollar estrategias alternativas de testeo. Esta revisión actualizada aportara valiosa información para mejorar programas actuales y diseñar nuevos servicios de pruebas de VIH para HH.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Beyrer C, Sullivan P, Sanchez J, et al. The increase in global HIV epidemics in MSM. AIDS. 2013;27(17):2665–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations, 2016 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Beyrer C, Baral SD, van Griensven F, et al. Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):367–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Mumtaz G, Hilmi N, McFarland W, et al. Are HIV epidemics among men who have sex with men emerging in the Middle East and North Africa?: a systematic review and data synthesis. PLoS Med. 2010;8(8):e1000444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Beyrer C. Strategies to manage the HIV epidemic in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2014;27(1):1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC fact sheet: today’s HIV/AIDS epidemic. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, New York 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/factsheets/todaysepidemic-508.pdf. Accessed 16 November 2016.

  7. The Kirby Institute. Bloodborne viral and sexually transmitted infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: surveillance and evaluation report 2016. Sydney: The Kirby Institute; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Millett GA, Peterson JL, Flores SA, et al. Comparisons of disparities and risks of HIV infection in black and other men who have sex with men in Canada, UK, and USA: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):341–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Millett GA, Jeffries WLT, Peterson JL, et al. Common roots: a contextual review of HIV epidemics in black men who have sex with men across the African diaspora. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):411–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Beyrer C, Sullivan PS, Sanchez J, et al. A call to action for comprehensive HIV services for men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):424–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Mayer KH, Wheeler DP, Bekker LG, et al. Overcoming biological, behavioral, and structural vulnerabilities: new directions in research to decrease HIV transmission in men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;63(Suppl 2):S161–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. World Health Organization. Technical brief: HIV and young men who have sex with men. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Krishnaratne S, Hensen B, Cordes J, Enstone J, Hargreaves JR. Interventions to strengthen the HIV prevention cascade: a systematic review of reviews. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(7):e307–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kretzschmar M, Schim van der Loeff M, Birrell P, De Angelis D, Coutinho R. Prospects of elimination of HIV with test-and-treat strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(39):15538–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Montaner JS. Treatment as prevention: a double hat-trick. Lancet. 2011;378(9787):208–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bolsewicz K, Vallely A, Debattista J, Whittaker A, Fitzgerald L. Factors impacting HIV testing: a review—perspectives from Australia, Canada, and the UK. AIDS Care. 2015;27(5):570–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lorenc T, Marrero-Guillamón I, Llewellyn A, et al. HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM): systematic review of qualitative evidence. Health Educ Res. 2011;26(5):834–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kippax S, Stephenson N. Beyond the distinction: between biomedical and social dimensions of HIV: prevention through the lens of a social public health. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(5):789–99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Giami A, Perrey C. Transformations in the medicalization of sex: HIV prevention between discipline and biopolitics. J Sex Res. 2012;49(4):353–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cohen MS, Gay CL. Treatment to prevent transmission of HIV-1. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(Supplement 3):S85–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Montaner J. Expansion of HAART coverage is associated with sustained decreases in HIV/AIDS morbidity, mortality and HIV transmission: the “HIV Treatment as Prevention” experience in a Canadian setting. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e87872.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. UNAIDS. 90-90-90: an ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  23. World Health Organization. HIV/AIDS factsheet (updated July 2016). 2016. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/.

  24. Thornton AC, Delpech V, Kall MM, Nardone A. HIV testing in community settings in resource-rich countries: a systematic review of the evidence. HIV Med. 2012;13(7):416–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Knight V, Wand H, Gray J, Keen P, McNulty A, Guy R. Convenient HIV testing service models are attracting previously untested gay and bisexual men: a cross-sectional study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;69(5):e147–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. UNITAID. Landscape for HIV rapid diagnostic tests for HIV self-testing. 2nd ed. Vernier: UNITAID; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  27. World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines for HIV testing services. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Food and Drug Administration. First rapid home-use HIV Kit for self-testing. [Consumer Update] 2014.

  29. Allais L, Venter F. The ethical, legal and human rights concerns raised by licensing HIV self-Testing for private use. AIDS Behav. 2014;18:433–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Pebody R. First HIV home test approved for sale in UK. News: types of HIV tests. 2015. http://www.aidsmap.com/. Accessed 15 Jul 2015.

  31. UNITAID. Landscape for HIV rapid diagnostic tests for HIV self-testing. Vernier: World Health Organisation (WHO); 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fisher M, Wayal S, Smith H, et al. Home sampling for sexually transmitted infections and HIV in men who have sex with men: a prospective observational study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(4):e0120810.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Harding-Esch EM, Hollis E, Mohammed H, Saunders JM. Self-sampling and self-testing for STIs and HIV: the case for consistent nomenclature. Sex Transm Infect. 2016;93(2):445–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Public Health England. Free HIV home sampling launched to increase HIV testing. 2015. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/free-hiv-home-sampling-launched-to-increase-hiv-testing. Accessed 9 Nov 2016.

  35. Krakower DS, Mayer KH. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection: current status, future opportunities and challenges. Drugs. 2015;75(3):243–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, Bacon O, et al. High interest in preexposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men at risk for HIV infection: baseline data from the US PrEP demonstration project. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68(4):439–48.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Karuga RN, Njenga SN, Mulwa R, et al. “How I wish this thing was initiated 100 years ago!” willingness to take daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(4):e0151716.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Branson BM, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA, et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55(RR14):1–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Letter from Janet C. Cleveland and David W. Purcell to Prevention Partners. Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. https://effectiveinterventions.cdc.gov/docs/default-source/respect-docs/project-respect_grantee-letter-final.pdf?sfvrsn=0. Accessed 12 Oct 2016.

  40. Metsch LR, Feaster DJ, Gooden L, et al. Effect of risk-reduction counseling with rapid HIV testing on risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections: the AWARE randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2013;310(16):1701–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kennedy CE. Brief, patient-centred risk-reduction counselling at the time of a rapid HIV test does not affect subsequent acquisition of sexually transmitted infections. Evid Based Med. 2014;19(4):147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bell SA, Delpech V, Raben D, Casabona J, Tsereteli N, de Wit J. HIV pre-test information, discussion or counselling? A review of guidance relevant to the WHO European region. Int J STD AIDS. 2015;27(2):97–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Arnold C. At-home HIV test poses dilemmas and opportunities. Lancet. 2012;380(9847):1045–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Johns DM, Bayer R, Fairchild AL. Evidence and the politics of deimplementation: the rise and decline of the “counseling and testing” Paradigm for HIV prevention at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Milbank Q. 2016;94(1):126–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Shaw R, Booth A, Sutton A, et al. Finding qualitative research: an evaluation of search strategies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004;4:5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Endnote X7 [computer program]. Thomson Reuters, Carlsbad. 2013.

  47. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Methods for the development of NICE public health guidance. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hannes K. Critical appraisal of qualitative research. In: Noyes JBA, Hannes K, Harden A, Harris J, Lewin S, Lockwood C, editors. Supplementary guidance for inclusion of qualitative research in cochrane systematic reviews of interventions. Version 1 (updated August 2011). Cochrane Collaboration Qualitative Methods Group; 2011.

  49. Clark J. How to peer review a qualitative manuscript. In: Godlee F, Jefferson T, editors. Peer review in health sciences. 2nd ed. London: BMJ Books; 2003. p. 219–35.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Armstrong D, Gosling A, Weinman J, Marteau T. The place of inter-rater reliability in qualitative research: an empirical study. Sociology. 1997;31(3):597–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Catherine P, Zielnland S, Mays N. Qualitative Research in Health Care: analysing Qualitative Data. BMJ. 2000;320(7227):114–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Hruschka DJ, Schwartz D, St.John DC, Picone-Decaro E, Jenkins RA, Carey JW. Reliability in coding open-ended data: lessons learned from HIV behavioral research. Field Methods. 2004;16(3):307–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Sandelowski M, Barroso J. Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research. London: Springer; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Balán IC, Carballo-diéguez A, Frasca T, Dolezal C, Ibitoye M. The impact of rapid HIV home test use with sexual partners on subsequent sexual behavior among men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(2):254–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Carballo-Diéguez A, Frasca T, Balan I, Ibitoye M, Dolezal C. Use of a rapid HIV home test prevents HIV exposure in a high risk sample of men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(7):1753–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Carballo-Diéguez A, Frasca T, Dolezal C, Balan I. Will gay and bisexually active men at high risk of infection use over-the-counter rapid HIV tests to screen sexual partners? J Sex Res. 2012;49(4):379–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Frasca T, Balan I, Ibitoye M, Valladares J, Dolezal C, Carballo-Diéguez A. Attitude and behavior changes among gay and bisexual men after use of rapid home HIV tests to screen sexual partners. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(5):950–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Martinez O, Carballo-Diéguez A, Ibitoye M, Frasca T, Brown W, Balan I. Anticipated and actual reactions to receiving HIV positive results through self-testing among gay and bisexual men. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(12):2485–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Nelson KM, Thiede H, Hawes SE, et al. Why the wait? Delayed HIV diagnosis among men who have sex with men. Urban Health. 2010;87(4):642–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Nelson KM, Thiede H, Jenkins RA, Carey JW, Hutcheson R, Golden MR. Personal and contextual factors related to delayed HIV diagnosis among men who have sex with men. AIDS Educ Prev. 2014;26(2):122–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Bilardi JE, Walker S, Read T, et al. Gay and bisexual men’s views on rapid self-testing for HIV. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(6):2093–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Flowers P, Riddell J, Park C, et al. Preparedness for use of the rapid result HIV self-test by gay men and other men who have sex with men (MSM): a mixed methods exploratory study among MSM and those involved in HIV prevention and care. HIV Med. 2016;. doi:10.1111/hiv.12420.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Young SD, Daniels J, Chiu CJ, et al. Acceptability of using electronic vending machines to deliver oral rapid HIV self-testing kits: a qualitative study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7):e103790.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Beougher SC, Bircher AE, Chakravarty D, et al. Motivations to test for HIV among partners in concordant HIV-negative and HIV-discordant gay male couples. Arch Sex Behav. 2014;44(2):499–508.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Neme S, Goldenberg T, Stekler JD, Sullivan PS, Stephenson R. Attitudes towards couples HIV testing and counseling among Latino men who have sex with men in the Seattle area. AIDS Care. 2015;27:1354–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Stephenson R, Sullivan PS, Salazar LF, Gratzer B, Allen S, Seelbach E. Attitudes towards couples-based HIV testing among MSM in three US cities. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(SUPPL. 1):S80–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Arnold EA, Rebchook GM, Kegeles SM. "Triply cursed": racism, homophobia and HIV-related stigma are barriers to regular HIV testing, treatment adherence and disclosure among young Black gay men. Cult. Health Sex. 2014;16(6):710–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. St. Lawrence JS, Kelly JA, Dickson-Gomez J, Owczarzak J, Amirkhanian YA, Sitzler C. Attitudes toward HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) among African American men who have sex with men: Concerns underlying reluctance to test. AIDS Educ Prev. 2015;27(3):195–211.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Gray RT, Prestage GP, Down I, et al. Increased HIV testing will modestly reduce HIV incidence among gay men in NSW and would be acceptable if HIV testing becomes convenient. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(2):e55449.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Hussen SA, Stephenson R, del Rio C, et al. HIV testing patterns among black men who have sex with men: a qualitative typology. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(9):e75382.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Witzel TC, Rodger AJ, Burns FM, Rhodes T, Weatherburn P. HIV self-testing among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the UK: a qualitative study of barriers and facilitators, intervention preferences and perceived impacts. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(9):e0162713.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Dowson L, Kober C, Perry N, Fisher M, Richardson D. Why some MSM present late for HIV testing: a qualitative analysis. AIDS Care. 2012;24(2):204–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Solorio R, Forehand M, Simoni J. Attitudes towards and beliefs about HIV testing among Latino immigrant MSM: a comparison of testers and nontesters. AIDS Res Treat. 2013;. doi:10.1155/2013/563537.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Wayal S, Llewellyn C, Smith H, Fisher M. Home sampling kits for sexually transmitted infections: preferences and concerns of men who have sex with men. Cult Health Sex. 2011;13(3):343–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Neergaard MA, Olesen F, Andersen RS, Sondergaard J. Qualitative description-the poor cousin of health research? BMC Med Res Methodol. 2009;9(1):52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Sandelowski M. Whatever happened to qualitative description? Res Nurs Health. 2000;23(4):334–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mykhalovskiy E, Rosengarten M. HIV/AIDS in its third decade: renewed critique in social and cultural analysis—An introduction. Soc Theory Health. 2009;7:187–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Yadavendu VK. Shifting paradigms in public health: from holism to individualism. New York: Springer; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  79. Young RM, Meyer IH. The trouble with “MSM” and “WSW”: erasure of the sexual-minority person in public health discourse. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(7):1144–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Parker R, Aggleton P, Perez-Brumer AG. The trouble with "Categories": rethinking men who have sex with men, transgender and their equivalents in HIV prevention and health promotion. Glob Public Health. 2016;11(7–8):819–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Flowers P, Estcourt C, Sonnenberg P, Burns F. HIV testing intervention development among men who have sex with men in the developed world. Sex Health. 2017;14:80–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Flowers P, Knussen C, Li J, McDaid L. Has testing been normalized? An analysis of changes in barriers to HIV testing among men who have sex with men between 2000 and 2010 in Scotland, UK. HIV Med. 2013;14(2):92–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Persson A. "The world has changed": pharmaceutical citizenship and the reimagining of serodiscordant sexuality among couples with mixed HIV status in Australia. Sociol Health Illn. 2016;38(3):380–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Banda J. Rapid home HIV testing: risk and the moral imperatives of biological citizenship. Body Soc. 2014;21(4):24–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. El-Bassel N, Gilbert L, Witte S, Wu E, Hunt T, Remien RH. Couple-based HIV prevention in the United States: advantages, gaps, and future directions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55(Suppl 2):S98–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Jiwatram-Negron T, El-Bassel N. Systematic review of couple-based HIV intervention and prevention studies: advantages, gaps, and future directions. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(10):1864–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Krause J, Subklew-Sehume F, Kenyon C, Colebunders R. Acceptability of HIV self-testing: a systematic literature review. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:735.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Napierala Mavedzenge S, Baggaley R, Corbett EL. A review of self-testing for HIV: research and policy priorities in a new era of HIV prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(1):126–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Lupton D. The quantified self: a sociology of self-tracking. Cambridge: Polity; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Kippax S, Stephenson N, Parker RG, Aggleton P. Between individual agency and structure in HIV prevention: understanding the middle ground of social practice. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(8):1367–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This review was supported by a research Grant from the HIV Foundation Queensland.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

    Chi-Wai Lui, Judith Dean, Allyson Mutch, Olivia Hollingdrake & Lisa Fitzgerald

  2. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

    Limin Mao

  3. Metro North Public Health Unit, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Queensland Government, Brisbane, Australia

    Joseph Debattista

  4. Queensland Positive People, Brisbane, Australia

    Jime Lemoire & Chris Howard

  5. School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia

    Andrea Whittaker

Authors
  1. Chi-Wai Lui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Judith Dean
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Allyson Mutch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Limin Mao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Joseph Debattista
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jime Lemoire
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Chris Howard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Andrea Whittaker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Olivia Hollingdrake
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Lisa Fitzgerald
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chi-Wai Lui.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lui, CW., Dean, J., Mutch, A. et al. HIV Testing in Men who have Sex with Men: A Follow-up Review of the Qualitative Literature since 2010. AIDS Behav 22, 593–605 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1752-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1752-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation