Abstract
This study investigated the adversity and coping experiences of 198 South Korean university students and takes a cultural lens in understanding how social and individual factors shape their happiness. Hierarchical linear regression analyses suggest that Korean students’ perceptions of social support significantly predicted their happiness, particularly in their closer social circles. Additionally, their happiness was significantly shaped by their beliefs in their abilities to overcome difficult experiences, but not by their beliefs in maintaining their relationships. Findings demonstrate the importance of better preparing close family and friends to recognize and respond to warning signs, as well as exploring ways to build students’ internal coping assets within family and peer group settings.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Freeman.
Caprara, G. V., & Steca, P. (2005). Affective and social self-regulatory efficacy beliefs as determinants of positive thinking and happiness. European Psychologist, 4, 275–286.
Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Gerbino, M., Paciello, M., & Vecchio, G. M. (2006). Looking for adolescents’ well-being: Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of positive thinking and happiness. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 15(01), 30–43.
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34–43.
Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Will money increase subjective well-being? A literature review and guide to needed research. Social Indicators Research, 57, 119–169.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. E. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Kim-Prieto, C., Biswas-Diener, R., & Tay, L. S. (2010). Unhappiness in South Korea: Why it is high and what might be done about it. Korean Psychological Association, Psychology Toward Happiness.
Dundes, L., Cho, E., & Kwak, S. (2009). The duty to succeed: Honor versus happiness in college and career choices of East Asian students in the United States. Pastoral Care in Education, 27(2), 135–156.
Fiske, A. P., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Nisbett, R. (1998). The cultural matrix of social psychology. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hefner, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2009). Social support and mental health among college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79(4), 491–499.
Kang, P. P., & Romo, L. F. (2011). The role of religious involvement on depression, risky behavior, and academic performance among Korean American adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 767–778.
Kim, U. (2009). Acculturation and Cultural Identity Questionnaire. Incheon: College of Business Administration, Inha University.
Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2004). Private Tutoring and Demand for Education in South Korea. Milwaukee: Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin.
Kim, U., & Park, Y. S. (2000). Confucian and family values: Their impact of educational achievement in Korea. Zeitshrift fur Erziehung-swissenschaft. Journal of Educational Science, 3(2), 229–249.
Kim, U., & Park, Y. S. (2003). An indigenous analysis of success attribution: Comparison of Korean students and adults. In K. S. Yang, K. K. Hwang, P. Pedersen, & I. Daibo (Eds.), Progress in Asian Social Psychology: Conceptual and Empirical Contributions (pp. 171–195). New York: Praeger.
Kim, U., & Park, Y. S. (2005). Factors influencing academic achievement in relational cultures: the role of self, relational, and collective efficacy. In F. Pajares, & T. Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 267–286). Charlotte: Information Age Publishing.
Kim, M. S., Kim, H. W., Cha, K. H., & Lim, J. (2007). What makes Koreans happy?: Exploration on the structure of happy life among Korean adults. Social Indicators Research, 82(2), 265–286.
Korea National Statistical Office (2007). 2007 youth statistics. Seoul: Korea National Statistical Office.
Kwan, V. S. Y., Bond, M. H., & Singelis, T. S. (1997). Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1038–1051.
Layous, K., Lee, H., Choi, I., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). Culture matters when designing a successful happiness-increasing activity: A comparison of the United States and South Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 1294–1303.
Lee, Z.-N. (1999). South Korean Culture and Sense of Shame. Transcultural Psychiatry, 36, 181–195.
Lee, D. S., & Padilla, A. M. (2014). Acculturative stress and coping: Gender differences among Korean and Korean American university students. Journal of College Student Development, 55(3), 243–262.
Lee, S., Juon, H., Martinez, G., Hsu, C. E., Robinson, E. S., Bawa, J., & Ma, G. X. (2009). Model minority at risk: Expressed needs of mental health by Asian American young adults. Journal of Community Health, 34, 144–152.
Lin, K., Inui, T. S., Kleinman, A. M., & Womack, W. M. (1982). Sociocultural determinants of the help-seeking behavior of patients with mental illness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 170, 78–85.
Maday, B. C., & Szalay, L. B. (1976). Psychological corre¬lates of family socialization in the United States and Ko¬rea. In T. Williams (Ed.), Psychological Anthropology. The Hague: Mouton.
Mahanta, D., & Aggarwal, M. (2013). Effect of perceived social support on life satisfaction of university students. European Academic Research, 1(6), 1083–1094.
Park, J.M. (2014). South Korean children finish last in happiness survey. Reutersi. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/04/us-southkorea-children-idUSKBN0IO0OA20141104.
Park, N., & Huebner, E. S. (2005). A cross-cultural study of the levels and correlates of life satisfaction among adolescents. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 444–456.
Park, Y. S., Kim, U., Chung, K. S., Lee, S. M., Kwon, H. H., & Yang, K. M. (2000). Causes and consequences of life-satisfaction among primary, junior high, senior high school students. South Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 5, 94–118.
Park, S. M., Cho, S. I., & Moon, S. S. (2010). Factors associated with suicidal ideation: role of emotional and instrumental support. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(4), 389–397.
Shin, J. K. (2002). Help-seeking behaviors by Korean immigrants for depression. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 23, 461–476.
Suh, E. M. (2000). Self, the hyphen between culture and subjective well-being. In E. Diener, & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and subjective well-being (pp. 63–86). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Tardy, C. (1985). Social support measurement. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(2), 187–202.
Taylor, S. E., Welch, W., Kim, H. S., & Sherman, D. K. (2007). Cultural differences in the impact of social support on psychological and biological stress responses. Psychological Science, 18, 831–837.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41.
Acknowledgment
This research was supported in part by Stanford University’s Center for East Asian Studies.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, D.S., Padilla, A.M. Predicting South Korean University Students’ Happiness through Social Support and Efficacy Beliefs. Int J Adv Counselling 38, 48–60 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-015-9255-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-015-9255-2