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An Evaluation of the Influence of Coronary Flow on Transcatheter Heart Valve Neo-Sinus Flow Stasis

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Abstract

Transcatheter heart valve (THV) leaflet thrombosis in the neo-sinus and associated reduced leaflet motion is of clinical concern due to risks of embolism and worsened valve hemodynamics. Flow stasis in the neo-sinus (the space between the native and THV leaflets) is a known risk factor, but the role of proximal coronary flow is yet to be investigated. We tested two replicas of FDA approved commercial THVs—intra-annular and supra-annular (similar to the SAPIEN 3 and CoreValve families)—in a left heart simulator with coronary flow. Velocity fields in the left coronary cusp (LCC) and non (NCC) neo-sinus were quantified using high speed particle image velocimetry and particle residence times (PRT) were computed to evaluate flow stasis in the region. The supra-annular THV LCC neo-sinus had shorter PRT than its NCC neo-sinus (0.66 ± 0.00 vs. 0.76 ± 0.04, p = 0.038), while the intra-annular THV LCC neo-sinus had similar PRT to its NCC neo-sinus (1.93 ± 0.05 vs. 1.92 ± 0.03 cycles, p = 0.889). The supra-annular valve LCC and NCC neo-sinuses had shorter PRT than their intra-annular valve counterparts (p < 0.001). These results showed that coronary flow reduces flow stasis in the supra-annular THV neo-sinus and, ostensibly, thrombosis risk in the region. This effect was not significant in the intra-annular valve.

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Abbreviations

THV:

Transcatheter heart valve

LCC:

Left coronary cusp

RCC:

Right coronary cusp

NCC:

Non-coronary cusp

PRT:

Particle residence time

IAD:

Georgia Tech TAVR intra-annular device

SAD:

Georgia Tech TAVR supra-annular device

LCS:

Left-coronary sinus

NCS:

Non-coronary sinus

STJ:

Sino-tubular junction

PIV:

Particle image velocimetry

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the members of the Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics Laboratory for their assistance and feedback.

Funding

The work at the Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics Laboratory at the Georgia Institute of Technology was funded through the BME Gurley Foundation and the Mary and James Wesley Fellowship Endowment, as well as discretionary funds made available to the Principal Investigator, such as the Wallace H Coulter Endowed Chair.

Conflict of interest

No benefits in any form have been or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Enterprise Park, Suite 200, 387 Technology Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30313-2412, USA

    Immanuel David Madukauwa-David, Vahid Sadri, Cyrus Aidun & Ajit P. Yoganathan

  2. Exponent, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Prem A Midha

  3. Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Vasilis Babaliaros

Authors
  1. Immanuel David Madukauwa-David
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  2. Vahid Sadri
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  3. Prem A Midha
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  4. Vasilis Babaliaros
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  5. Cyrus Aidun
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  6. Ajit P. Yoganathan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ajit P. Yoganathan.

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Associate Editor Lakshmi Prasad Dasi oversaw the review of this article.

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Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

10439_2019_2324_MOESM1_ESM.tiff

Supplementary material 1 Supplementary figure 1: Schematic of the coronary flow module. Components included a piston pump, two check valves, a flow probe, and variable resistance. (TIFF 12383 kb)

10439_2019_2324_MOESM2_ESM.tiff

Supplementary material 2 Supplementary figure 2: IAD flow streamlines and velocities for the LCC and NCC neo-sinuses and native sinuses at select time points in systole. (TIFF 19832 kb)

10439_2019_2324_MOESM3_ESM.tiff

Supplementary material 3 Supplementary figure 3: SAD flow streamlines and velocities for the LCC and NCC neo-sinuses and native sinuses at select time points in systole. (TIFF 19909 kb)

10439_2019_2324_MOESM4_ESM.tiff

Supplementary material 4 Supplementary figure 3: Representative snapshots of particle positions for the LCC of the supra-annular valve. (TIFF 0 kb)

Supplementary material 5 Video 1: Velocity contours and streamlines for the supra-annular valve LCC. (MP4 37794 kb)

Supplementary material 6 Video 2: Velocity contours and streamlines for the intra-annular valve LCC. (MP4 45106 kb)

Supplementary material 7 Video 3: Velocity contours and streamlines for the supra-annular valve NCC. (MP4 25784 kb)

Supplementary material 8 Video 4: Velocity contours and streamlines for the intra-annular valve NCC. (MP4 41932 kb)

Supplementary material 9 Video 5: Velocity contours and vectors for the supra-annular valve LCC. (MP4 29595 kb)

Supplementary material 10 Video 6: Velocity contours and vectors for the intra-annular valve LCC. (MP4 26463 kb)

Supplementary material 11 Video 7: Velocity contours and vectors for the supra-annular valve NCC. (MP4 23158 kb)

Supplementary material 12 Video 8: Velocity contours and vectors for the intra-annular valve NCC. (MP4 25668 kb)

Appendix 1

Appendix 1

Intra-annular Valve

Velocity fields and instantaneous streamlines for LCC and NCC of the intra-annular valve at select time points in the cardiac cycle are presented in and Fig. 4 (diastole) and Supplementary Fig. 1 (systole). Key flow characteristics in the neo-sinuses and sinuses at these time points are outlined as follows.

Systolic acceleration (22 ms, 50 ms, Supplementary Fig. 1): During early acceleration in the LCC neo-sinus, streamlines originating from the leaflet and extending toward the STJ suggested fluid washout of the region (maximum velocity: 0.26 m/s). A similar trend was seen in the NCC neo-sinus, with a maximum velocity of 0.25 m/s recorded. Fluid streamlines into the coronary artery from the LCC sinus were observed at velocities below 0.04 m/s; a region of closed streamlines was seen in the NCC sinus. As acceleration progressed, velocities in the neo-sinuses dropped significantly (maximum velocity LCC: 0.13 m/s, NCC: 0.12 m/s). Rotating flow was seen between the native leaflets and the STJ and streamlines from the sinus suggested fluid washout toward the central jet.

Peak systole (150 ms, Supplementary Fig. 1): Counterclockwise rotating flow was seen in the LCC neosinus but was not evident in the NCC neo-sinus (maximum velocity LCC: 0.13 m/s, NCC: 0.10 m/s). Streamlines at the top of the LCC sinus suggested fluid wash-into the coronary artery.

Systolic deceleration (250 ms, Supplementary Fig. 1): Counterclockwise rotating flow remained in the LCC neo-sinus at lower velocities than peak systole; streamlines in the NCC neo-sinus suggested fluid wash-into the neo-sinus (maximum velocity LCC: 0.07 m/s, NCC: 0.12 m/s). A zone of closed streamlines was seen in both LCC and NCC sinuses, with relatively high velocities toward the bottom of the sinuses (maximum velocity LCC: 0.14 m/s, NCC: 0.13 m/s).

Early diastole (450 ms, Fig. 4): In both LCC and NCC neo-sinuses, counterclockwise rotating flow was seen, indicating potential fluid recirculation behind the leaflets after valve closure (maximum velocity LCC: 0.12 m/s, NCC: 0.09 m/s). Streamlines in the LCC sinus suggested wash-into the coronary artery (maximum velocity: 0.09 m/s). A region of closed streamlines with low velocities was seen at the center of the NCC sinus (maximum velocity: 0.03 m/s).

Mid diastole (550 ms, Fig. 4): The region of counterclockwise rotating flow in the LCC and NCC neosinuses remained but appeared stronger in the LCC neo-sinus (maximum velocity LCC: 0.06 m/s, NCC: 0.04 m/s). Streamlines from the LCC sinus into the coronary artery remained present (maximum velocity: 0.09 m/s). The region of closed streamlines in the NCC sinus remained present (maximum velocity: 0.02 m/s).

Late diastole (650 ms, Fig. 4): The region of counterclockwise rotating flow in the LCC and NCC neosinuses remained present (maximum velocity LCC: 0.05 m/s, NCC: 0.03 m/s). Streamlines from the top of the LCC neo-sinus into the coronary artery suggested washout of fluid in this region. Streamlines from the LCC sinus into the coronary artery remained present (maximum velocity: 0.05 m/s). The region of closed streamlines in the NCC sinus remained present (maximum velocity: 0.02 m/s).

End diastole (750 ms, Fig. 4): A weaker region of counterclockwise rotating flow in the LCC and NCC neosinuses remained present (maximum velocity LCC: 0.05 m/s, NCC: 0.03 m/s). Streamlines from the top of the LCC neo-sinus into the sinus suggested entrainment of fluid from the top of the LCC neo-sinus into the sinus. Streamlines from the LCC sinus into the coronary artery remained present (maximum velocity: 0.03 m/s). Flow in the NCC sinus was quiescent.

Supra-annular Valve

Velocity fields and instantaneous streamlines for LCC and NCC of the supra-annular valve at select time points in the cardiac cycle are presented in Fig. 5 (diastole) and Supplementary Fig. 2 (systole). Key flow characteristics of the neo-sinuses and sinuses at these time points are outlined as follows.

Systolic acceleration (25, 50 ms, Supplementary Fig. 2): During early acceleration, streamlines in both LCC and NCC neo-sinuses suggested fluid washout of the regions; in the LCC neo-sinus, streamlines pointed toward the sinus while NCC neo-sinus streamlines pointed toward the STJ (maximum velocity LCC: 0.14 m/s, NCC: 0.14 m/s). As acceleration progressed, streamlines from the sinus into the neo-sinus suggested fluid wash-into both the NCC and LCC neo-sinuses (maximum velocity LCC: 0.07 m/s, NCC: 0.05 m/s). A counterclockwise vortex was present at both the LCC and native leaflet tips. Throughout acceleration, streamlines from the LCC sinus into the coronary artery suggested fluid washout of the region, while flow was slower in the NCC sinus and toward the STJ (maximum velocity LCC: 0.09 m/s, NCC: 0.04 m/s).

Peak systole (150 ms, Supplementary Fig. 2): Streamlines from both LCC and NCC neo-sinuses suggested washout of fluid from the regions toward the STJ (maximum velocity LCC: 0.07 m/s, NCC: 0.08 m/s). Streamlines from the LCC sinus suggested flow toward both the coronary artery and the STJ, while streamlines from the NCC sinus suggested flow toward the STJ (maximum velocity LCC: 0.08 m/s, NCC: 0.06 m/s).

Systolic deceleration (250 ms, Supplementary Fig. 2): Streamlines from the LCC and NCC neo-sinuses suggested flow toward the THV leaflets as they closed (maximum velocity LCC: 0.07 m/s, NCC: 0.06 m/s). Furthermore, streamlines from the LCC sinus suggested flow toward both the coronary artery and the THV leaflets, while streamlines from the NCC sinus suggested flow toward the THV leaflets (maximum velocity LCC: 0.07 m/s, NCC: 0.05 m/s).

Early diastole (450 ms, Fig. 5): As coronary flow reached its peak, streamlines from the LCC neo-sinus to the STJ, sinus, and coronary artery suggested fluid washout due to coronary flow; streamlines from the NCC neo-sinus to the STJ suggested fluid washout at lower velocities (maximum velocity LCC: 0.06 m/s, NCC: 0.03 m/s). Streamlines from the LCC sinus into the coronary artery suggested fluid washout of the region, while a region of closed streamlines was apparent in the NCC sinus (maximum velocity LCC: 0.11 m/s, NCC: 0.06 m/s).

Mid diastole (550 ms, Fig. 5): As coronary flow remained at a maximum, flow characteristics were similar to those of early diastole. Streamlines from the LCC neo-sinus to the sinus and coronary artery suggested fluid washout from the region due to coronary flow; streamlines from the NCC neo-sinus to the STJ and sinus suggested fluid washout at lower velocities (maximum velocity LCC: 0.06 m/s, NCC: 0.03 m/s). Streamlines from the LCC sinus into the coronary artery suggested fluid washout of the region, while the region of closed streamlines in the NCC sinus remained present (maximum velocity LCC: 0.12 m/s, NCC: 0.04 m/s).

Late diastole (650 ms, Fig. 5): Flow trends for the LCC and NCC cusps were similar to mid diastole. Streamlines suggested fluid washout of the LCC neo-sinus directly into the coronary artery, and out of the NCC neo-sinus into the sinus (maximum velocity neo-sinus, LCC: 0.03 m/s, NCC: 0.02 m/s). Streamlines suggested fluid washout from the LCC sinus into the coronary artery, while a region of closed streamlines in the NCC sinus remained present (maximum velocity LCC: 0.08 m/s, NCC: 0.04 m/s).

End diastole (750 ms, Fig. 5): As coronary flow waned, flow patterns were similar to late diastole. Streamlines suggested fluid washout of the LCC neo-sinus directly into the coronary artery, and out of the NCC neo-sinus into the sinus (maximum velocity neo-sinus, LCC: 0.02 m/s, NCC: 0.01 m/s). Streamlines suggested fluid washout from the LCC sinus into the coronary artery, while there was fluid wash-into the NCC sinus (maximum velocity LCC: 0.06 m/s, NCC: 0.03 m/s).

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Madukauwa-David, I.D., Sadri, V., Midha, P.A. et al. An Evaluation of the Influence of Coronary Flow on Transcatheter Heart Valve Neo-Sinus Flow Stasis. Ann Biomed Eng 48, 169–180 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-019-02324-y

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