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Electrically Stimulated Adipose Stem Cells on Polypyrrole-Coated Scaffolds for Smooth Muscle Tissue Engineering

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Abstract

We investigated the use of polypyrrole (PPy)-coated polymer scaffolds and electrical stimulation (ES) to differentiate adipose stem cells (ASCs) towards smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Since tissue engineering lacks robust and reusable 3D ES devices we developed a device that can deliver ES in a reliable, repeatable, and cost-efficient way in a 3D environment. Long pulse (1 ms) or short pulse (0.25 ms) biphasic electric current at a frequency of 10 Hz was applied to ASCs to study the effects of ES on ASC viability and differentiation towards SMCs on the PPy-coated scaffolds. PPy-coated scaffolds promoted proliferation and induced stronger calponin, myosin heavy chain (MHC) and smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression in ASCs compared to uncoated scaffolds. ES with 1 ms pulse width increased the number of viable cells by day 7 compared to controls and remained at similar levels to controls by day 14, whereas shorter pulses significantly decreased viability compared to the other groups. Both ES protocols supported smooth muscle expression markers. Our results indicate that electrical stimulation on PPy-coated scaffolds applied through the novel 3D ES device is a valid approach for vascular smooth muscle tissue engineering.

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Abbreviations

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

ASC:

Adipose stem cell

CPE:

Constant phase element capacitance

ES:

Electrical stimulation

μCT:

Micro-computed tomography

MHC:

Myosin heavy chain

PPy:

Polypyrrole

PTMC:

Poly (trimethylene carbonate)

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

SMA:

Smooth muscle actin

SMC:

Smooth muscle cell

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-β

Ti/TIN:

Titanium nitride coated titanium

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Salvador Jimenes for assistance with the experiments, Thomas van Berkel for fabrication of the PTMC scaffolds as well as assisting with the experiments, and Elina Talvitie for fabricating the PPy-coatings. Authors also owe their gratitude to Sue Lyn Ku, Lydia Bolhuis-Versteeg, Miia Juntunen, Anna-Maija Honkala, and Sari Kalliokoski for technical assistance in cell culture. This work was carried out with the financial support of the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES); the Academy of Finland, the Paulo Foundation, the Science Centre of Tampere City, the Finnish Dental Society Apollonia and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Electromaterials Science at the University of Wollongong.

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No competing financial interests exist.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia

    Miina Björninen & Kerry Gilmore

  2. Adult Stem Cells, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland

    Miina Björninen, Susanna Miettinen & Gordon Wallace

  3. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Sinitaival 6, P.O. Box 1300, 33101, Tampere, Finland

    Jani Pelto

  4. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Riitta Seppänen-Kaijansinkko & Suvi Haimi

  5. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, BOX 41, Mannerheimintie 172, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Riitta Seppänen-Kaijansinkko

  6. Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, BioMediTech, Korkeakoulunkatu 10, 33720, Tampere, Finland

    Minna Kellomäki

  7. Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland

    Susanna Miettinen

  8. MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands

    Dirk Grijpma

  9. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Dirk Grijpma

Authors
  1. Miina Björninen
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  2. Kerry Gilmore
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  3. Jani Pelto
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  6. Susanna Miettinen
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  7. Gordon Wallace
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  8. Dirk Grijpma
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Miina Björninen.

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Associate Editor Debra T. Auguste oversaw the review of this article.

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Björninen, M., Gilmore, K., Pelto, J. et al. Electrically Stimulated Adipose Stem Cells on Polypyrrole-Coated Scaffolds for Smooth Muscle Tissue Engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 45, 1015–1026 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-016-1755-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-016-1755-7

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