Abstract
Purpose
We aimed to identify peripheral visual field (VF) defect pathogenesis in high myopia using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and microperimetry and to investigate the association between focal lamina cribrosa defects (fLCDs) and high myopia-specific peripheral visual field defects (HM-pVFDs).
Study design
Retrospective case–control study.
Methods
Thirty-five highly myopic patients (refractive error ≥ 8.0 D or axial length > 26.5 mm) with an HM-pVFD, diagnosed using the V-4 isopter in Goldmann perimetry, and 35 age- and 35 sex-matched controls were studied. The optic nerve head (ONH) morphology was analyzed by use of OCT; retinal light sensitivities around the ONH were evaluated by use of microperimetry. The main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), axial length (AL), refractive error, intraocular pressure (IOP), the OCT findings, and the microperimetry findings.
Results
The BCVA, AL, IOP, and refractive error did not differ significantly between the patient and the control groups. Of the 35 eyes with an HM-pVFD, twenty-four had fLCDs detected by use of OCT, one showed no evidence of fLCDs, and ten had inadequate images due to excessive ONH tilting. Of the 35 control eyes, two had fLCDs, twenty-eight showed no evidence of fLCDs, and five had inadequate images. The peripapillary retinal light sensitivity was decreased in 29 of the 35 eyes with an HM-pVFD; no such decrease was noted in 30 of the 35 control eyes. Peripheral VF abnormality detection by use of microperimetry had 82.9% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity.
Conclusions
Our findings indicate an important relationship between HM-pVFDs and fLCDs, suggesting fLCD involvement in peripheral VF abnormality pathogenesis in highly myopic patients. Furthermore, microperimetry is reproducible for evaluating HM-pVFDs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dolgin E. The myopia boom. Nature. 2015;519:276–8.
Yan YN, Wang YX, Yang Y, Xu L, Xu J, Wang Q, et al. Ten-year progression of myopic maculopathy: the Beijing Eye study 2001–2011. Ophthalmology. 2018;125:1253–63.
Saw SM, Gazzard G, Shih-Yen EC, Chua WH. Myopia and associated pathological complications. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2005;25:381–91.
Wong TY, Ohno-Matsui K, Leveziel N, Holz FG, Lai TY, Yu HG, et al. Myopic choroidal neovascularisation: current concepts and update on clinical management. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99:289–96.
Anderson DR, Drance SM, Schulzer M, Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group. Factors that predict the benefit of lowering intraocular pressure in normal tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:820–9.
Quigley HA, Hohman RM, Addicks EM, Massof RW, Green WR. Morphologic changes in the lamina cribrosa correlated with neural loss in open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;95:673–91.
Ohno-Matsui K, Akiba M, Moriyama M, Shimada N, Ishibashi T, Tokoro T, et al. Acquired optic nerve and peripapillary pits in pathologic myopia. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:1685–92.
Faridi OS, Park SC, Kabadi R, Su D, De Moraes CG, Liebmann JM, et al. Effect of focal lamina cribrosa defect on glaucomatous visual field progression. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:1524–30.
Tatham AJ, Miki A, Weinreb RN, Zangwill LM, Medeiros FA. Defects of the lamina cribrosa in eyes with localized retinal nerve fiber layer loss. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:110–8.
Kimura Y, Akagi T, Hangai M, Takayama K, Hasegawa T, Suda K, et al. Lamina cribrosa defects and optic disc morphology in primary open angle glaucoma with high myopia. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e115313.
Sawada Y, Araie M, Kasuga H, Ishikawa M, Iwata T, Murata K, et al. Focal lamina cribrosa defect in myopic eyes with nonprogressive glaucomatous visual field defect. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;190:34–49.
Sawada Y, Araie M, Ishikawa M, Yoshitomi T. Multiple temporal lamina cribrosa defects in myopic eyes with glaucoma and their association with visual field defects. Ophthalmology. 2017;124:1600–11.
Tanaka N, Shinohara K, Yokoi T, Uramoto K, Takahashi H, Onishi Y, et al. Posterior staphylomas and scleral curvature in highly myopic children and adolescents investigated by ultra-widefield optical coherence tomography. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0218107.
Shinohara K, Shimada N, Moriyama M, Yoshida T, Jonas JB, Yoshimura N, et al. Posterior staphylomas in pathologic myopia imaged by widefield optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:3750–8.
Ohno-Matsui K, Shimada N, Yasuzumi K, Hayashi K, Yoshida T, Kojima A, et al. Long-term development of significant visual field defects in highly myopic eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;152:256-65.e1.
Anderson DR, Patella VM. Automated static perimetry. 2nd ed. Maryland Heights: Mosby; 1999. p. 121–90.
Weinreb RN, Khaw PT. Primary open-angle glaucoma. Lancet. 2004;363:1711–20.
Spaide RF, Akiba M, Ohno-Matsui K. Evaluation of peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation with swept source and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Retina. 2012;32:103744.
Kiumehr S, Park SC, Syril D, Teng CC, Tello C, Liebmann JM, et al. In vivo evaluation of focal lamina cribrosa defects in glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:552–9.
You JY, Park SC, Su D, Teng CC, Liebmann JM, Ritch R. Focal lamina cribrosa defects associated with glaucomatous rim thinning and acquired pits. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:314–20.
Garway-Heath DF, Caprioli J, Fitzke FW, Hitchings RA. Scaling the hill of vision: the physiological relationship between light sensitivity and ganglion cell numbers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1774–82.
Mitchell P, Hourihan F, Sandbach J, Wang JJ. The relationship between glaucoma and myopia: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:2010–5.
Aung T, Foster PJ, Seah SK, Chan SP, Lim WK, Wu HM, et al. Automated static perimetry: the influence of myopia and its method of correction. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:290–5.
Yoshida M, Okada E, Mizuki N, Kokaze A, Sekine Y, Onari K, et al. Age-specific prevalence of open-angle glaucoma and its relationship to refraction among more than 60,000 asymptomatic Japanese subjects. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54:1151–8.
Daubs JG, Crick RP. Effect of refractive error on the risk of ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1981;101:121–6.
Werner EB, Beraskow J. Peripheral nasal field defects in glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1979;86:1875–8.
Jonas JB, Xu L. Histological changes of high axial myopia. Eye (Lond). 2014;28:113–7.
Quigley HA. Open-angle glaucoma. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1097–106.
Kwun Y, Han JC, Kee C. Comparison of lamina cribrosa thickness in normal tension glaucoma patients with unilateral visual field defect. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;159:512-8.e1.
Quigley HA, Addicks EM, Green WR, Maumenee AE. Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma. II. The site of injury and susceptibility to damage. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:635–49.
Yan DB, Coloma FM, Metheetrairut A, Trope GE, Heathcote JG, Ethier CR. Deformation of the lamina cribrosa by elevated intraocular pressure. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:643–8.
Bellezza AJ, Rintalan CJ, Thompson HW, Downs JC, Hart RT, Burgoyne CF. Deformation of the lamina cribrosa and anterior scleral canal wall in early experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:623–37.
Han JC, Cho SH, Sohn DY, Kee C. The characteristics of lamina cribrosa defects in myopic eyes with and without open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57:486–94.
Miki A, Ikuno Y, Asai T, Usui S, Nishida K. Defects of the lamina cribrosa in high myopia and glaucoma. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0137909.
Spaide RF, Ohno-Matsui K, Yannuzzi LA. Pathologic myopia. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 167–76.
Curtin BJ. The posterior staphyloma of pathologic myopia. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1977;75:67–86.
Moriyama M, Ohno-Matsui K, Modegi T, Kondo J, Takahashi Y, Tomita M, et al. Quantitative analyses of high-resolution 3D MR images of highly myopic eyes to determine their shapes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:4510–8.
Oie Y, Ikuno Y, Fujikado T, Tano Y. Relation of posterior staphyloma in highly myopic eyes with macular hole and retinal detachment. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2005;49:530–2.
Cohen SY, Quentel G. Chorioretinal folds as a consequence of inferior staphyloma associated with tilted disc syndrome. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;244:1536–8.
Giocanti-Auregan A, Lavia C, Gaudric A, Grenet T, Cohen SY. Staphyloma-related chorioretinal folds. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2020;19:100747.
Ohno-Matsui K, Akiba M, Modegi T, Tomita M, Ishibashi T, Tokoro T, et al. Association between shape of sclera and myopic retinochoroidal lesions in patients with pathologic myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:6046–61.
Shinohara K, Moriyama M, Shimada N, Tanaka Y, Ohno-Matsui K. Myopic stretch lines: linear lesions in fundus of eyes with pathologic myopia that differ from lacquer cracks. Retina. 2014;34:461–9.
Radius RL, Anderson DR. The course of axons through the retina and optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97:1154–8.
Minckler DS. The organization of nerve fiber bundles in the primate optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1630–6.
Jonas JB, Aung T, Bourne RR, Bron AM, Ritch R, Panda-Jonas S. Glaucoma. Lancet. 2017;390:2183–93.
Morgan WH, Yu DY, Balaratnasingam C. The role of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma pathophysiology: the dark side of the optic disc. J Glaucoma. 2008;17:408–13.
Jonas JB, Wang YX, Dong L, Guo Y, Panda-Jonas S. Advances in myopia research anatomical findings in highly myopic eyes. Eye Vis (Lond). 2020;7:45.
Downs JC, Girkin CA. Lamina cribrosa in glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28:113–9.
Park SC, Hsu AT, Su D, Simonson JL, Al-Jumayli M, Liu Y, et al. Factors associated with focal lamina cribrosa defects in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:8401–7.
Palkovits S, Hirnschall N, Georgiev S, Leisser C, Findl O. Test–retest reproducibility of the microperimeter MP3 with fundus image tracking in healthy subjects and patients with macular disease. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2018;7:17.
Matsuura M, Murata H, Fujino Y, Hirasawa K, Yanagisawa M, Asaoka R. Evaluating the usefulness of MP-3 microperimetry in glaucoma patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;187:1–9.
Shinohara K, Moriyama M, Shimada N, Nagaoka N, Ishibashi T, Tokoro T, et al. Analyses of shape of eyes and structure of optic nerves in eyes with tilted disc syndrome by swept-source optical coherence tomography and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. Eye (Lond). 2013;27:1233–41 (quiz 42).
Akagi T, Hangai M, Kimura Y, Ikeda HO, Nonaka A, Matsumoto A, et al. Peripapillary scleral deformation and retinal nerve fiber damage in high myopia assessed with swept-source optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;155:927–36.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Grant no.: JP19K09987). The sponsor or funding organization had no role in the design or conduct of this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
S. Mochida, None; T. Yoshida, None; T. Nomura, None; R. Hatake, None; K. O. Matsui, None.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Corresponding Author: Takeshi Yoshida
About this article
Cite this article
Mochida, S., Yoshida, T., Nomura, T. et al. Association between peripheral visual field defects and focal lamina cribrosa defects in highly myopic eyes. Jpn J Ophthalmol 66, 285–295 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-022-00909-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-022-00909-0