Abstract
Reservoir filling in large hydropower stations triggers or accelerates deep-seated toppling deformations (DSTDs). In the absence of large failures, toppling can often last long. It is of great significance to study the mechanism of DSTDs for the prediction of affected areas before filling. Taking Yanwan (YW) DSTDs in Xiluodu Reservoir as a sample, we collected 17 scenes of ALOS/PALSAR-1 images and 45 scenes of ALOS/PARSAR-2 images and used the small baseline subset interferometry synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) and time-series offset tracking (TSOT) technologies to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of YW DSTDs before and after reservoir filling. The correlation between deformation and reservoir filling was analyzed with the fluctuation in the reservoir water level. Before filling, there was no deformation in the area of YW DSTDs. After filling, the maximum deformation rate of YW DSTDs measured by TSOT during the study period was around 1500 mm/year in the line-of-sight (LOS) direction. YW DSTDs showed a fluctuating deformation trend, and the deformation rates of the four filling stages were successively from fast to slow: rapid drawdown of water level period, high water level period, low water level period, and rapid rise of water level period. The soft-hard-interbedded structure provides favorable lithology conditions for toppling. The incision of the Jinsha River and the development of gullies led to the topographic condition of exposure on three sides, shaping a convex slope similar to a triangular cone, which provides advantageous topographic conditions for toppling.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amini M, Majdi A, Veshadi MA (2012) Stability analysis of rock slopes against block flexure toppling failure. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45(4):519–532
Berardino P, Fornaro G, Lanari R, Sansosti E (2002) A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 40(11):2375–2383
Chengdu Engineering Corporation Limited Exploration Institute (CECLEI) (2021) Technical Report: Annual report of safety monitoring project in the reservoir affected area of the Xiluodu Hydropower Station (In Chinese)
Gu DM, Huang D (2016) A complex rock topple-rock slide failure of an anaclinal rock slope in the Wu Gorge, Yangtze River, China. Eng Geol 208:165–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.04.037
Hu X, Wang T, Pierson TC, Lu Z, Kim J, Cecere TH (2016) Detecting seasonal landslide movement within the Cascade landslide complex (Washington) using time-series SAR imagery. Remote Sens Environ 187:49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.006
Huang RQ (2012) Mechanisms of large-scale landslides in China. Bull Eng Geol Env 71(1):161–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-011-0403-6
Huang D, Ma H, Huang RQ (2022) Deep-seated toppling deformations of rock slopes in western China. Landslides 19:809–827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01829-9
Hungr O, Leroueil S, Picarelli L (2014) The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update. Landslides 11:167–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0436-y
Li L, Yao X, Yao J, Zhou Z, Feng X, Liu X (2019a) Analysis of deformation characteristics for a reservoir landslide before and after impoundment by multiple D-InSAR observations at Jinshajiang River, China. Nat Hazards 98:719–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03726-w
Li M, Zhang L, Shi X, Liao M, Yang M (2019b) Monitoring active motion of the Guobu landslide near the Laxiwa Hydropower Station in China by time-series point-like targets offset tracking. Remote Sens Environ 221:80–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.11.006
Liu M, Liu FZ, Huang RQ, Pei XJ (2016) Deep-seated large-scale toppling failure in metamorphic rocks: a case study of the Erguxi slope in Southwest china. J Mt Sci 13(12):2094–2110
Liu X, Zhao C, Zhang Q, Lu Z, Li Z (2020) Deformation of the Baige Landslide, Tibet, China, revealed through the integration of cross-platform ALOS/PALSAR-1 and ALOS/PALSAR-2 SAR observations. Geophys Res Lett 47(3):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086142
Lyons S, Sandwell D (2003) Fault creep along the southern San Andreas from interferometric synthetic aperture radar, permanent scatterers, and stacking. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 108:233–236
Mohtarami E, Jafari A, Amini M (2014) Stability analysis of slopes against combined circular–toppling failure. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 67:43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.12.020
Mu J, Li T, Pei X, Huang R, Lan F, Zou X (2022) Evolution mechanism and deformation stability analysis of rock slope block toppling for early warnings. Nat Hazards 114:1171–1195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05422-8
Nichol S, Hungr O (2002) Brittle and ductile toppling of large rock slopes. Canadian Geotech J 39:1–16
Ning YB, Tang HM, Wang F, Zhang GC (2019) Sensitivity analysis of toppling deformation for interbedded anti-inclined rock slopes based on the grey relation method. Bull Eng Geol Env 78:6017–6032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01505-2
Ning Y, Tang H, Zhang G, Smith JV, Zhang BC, Shen PW, Chen HJ (2021) A complex rockslide developed from a deep-seated toppling failure in the upper Lancang River. Southwest China Eng Geol 293:106329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106329
Novellino A, Cigna F, Sowter A, Ramondini M, Calcaterra D (2017) Exploitation of the intermittent SBAS (ISBAS) algorithm with COSMO-SkyMed data for landslide inventory mapping in North-Western Sicily, Italy. Geomorphol Amst Neth 280:153–166
Ren K, Yao X, Li R, Zhou Z, Yao C, Jiang S (2022) 3D displacement and deformation mechanism of deep-seated gravitational slope deformation revealed by InSAR: a case study in Wudongde Reservoir, Jinsha River. Landslides 19:2159–2175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01905-8
Tu GX, Deng H, Shang Q, Zhang Y, Luo XP (2020) Deep-seated large-scale toppling failure: a case study of the Lancang slope in Southwest China. Rock Mech Rock Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02132-0
Tu GX, Deng H, Shang Q, Zhang Y, Luo XP (2021) Effect of unloading in two directions on the formation of a deep-seated flexural toppling failure. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 142:104790
Varnes DJ (1978) Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster RL, Krizek RJ (eds) Landslides, analysis and control, special report 176: transportation research board. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., pp 11–33
Wang HB, Xu WY, Xu RC, Jiang QH, Liu JH (2007) Hazard assessment by 3D stability analysis of landslides due to reservoir impounding. Landslides 4(4):381–388
Wegnüller U, Werner C, Strozzi T et al (2016) Sentinel-1 support in the GAMMA software. Procedia Comput Sci 100:1305–1312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.246
Yi X, Feng W, Wu Z, Dun J, Zhou Y, Li S (2020) Toppling deformation characteristics and mechanism of bank slope in Xiluodu Hydropower Station, China. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 570:062007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/570/6/062007
Zhao C, Lu Z, Zhang Q, de la Fuente J (2012) Large-area landslide detection and monitoring with ALOS/PALSAR imagery data over Northern California and Southern Oregon, USA. Remote Sens Environ 124:348–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.05.025
Zhao WH, Zhang CQ, Ju NP (2021) Identification and zonation of deepseated toppling deformation in a metamorphic rock slope. Bull Eng Geol Env 80:1981–1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-02027-y
Zhu Y, Yao X, Yao L et al (2022) Identifying the mechanism of toppling deformation by InSAR : a case study in Xiluodu Reservoir, Jinsha River. Landslides 19:2311–2327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01908-5
Funding
This work was supported by the Chinese Geological Survey Project (No. DD20230433), China, Three Gorges Corporation (YMJ(BHT)/(21)036, YMJ(XLD) (19)110).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ren, K., Li, R., Yao, X. et al. Monitoring Yanwan deep-seated toppling deformation with the impact of water-level fluctuation by SAR observations. Landslides 21, 1243–1254 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02220-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02220-0