Abstract
Experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of individual heat, drought and combined heat and drought stress on wheat yield and its component traits as well as to identify suitable traits and stress selection indices for selecting tolerant genotypes. A total of 91 wheat genotypes were evaluated for tolerance to both stresses for two consecutive years. Significant differences were observed among genotypes for all traits under all environments, suggesting wide genetic variability. The most affected traits were grain yield and biological yield under individual heat and drought as well as under combined stress. Grain filling duration (GFD) and grain filling rate were the key contributors towards tolerance. Selection indices viz. stress tolerance index, mean relative performance and yield stability index were positively and significantly correlated with grain yield, days to maturity, grain filling duration, grain filling rate, and other key yield contributing traits under normal and stress environments. Genotype DBW187 was identified to be tolerant to both heat and drought stresses, genotype WH730 was tolerant under combined heat and drought stress, DBW273 and DBW173 under individual heat and PBW780 and PBW765 under individual drought stress based on combined ranking of indices. These genotypes could be used to develop genotypes tolerant to heat and drought stress, and to promote high grain yield.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad R, Qadir S, Ahmad N, Shah KH (2003) Yield potential and stability of nine wheat varieties under water stress conditions. Int J Agric Biol 5(1):7–9
Ahmed HG, Sajjad MD, Li M, Azmat M, Rizwan M, Maqsood R et al (2019) Selection criteria for drought-tolerant bread wheat genotypes at seedling stage. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092584
Akter N, Islam RM (2017) Heat stress effects and management in wheat. A review. Agron Sustain Dev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-017-0443-9
Alonso MP, Mirabella NE, Panelo JS, Cendoya MG, Pontaroli AC (2018) Selection for high spike fertility index increases genetic progress in grain yield and stability in bread wheat. Euphytica. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2193-4
Aparicio AG, Zuki SM, Azpilicueta MM, Barbero FÁ, Pastorino MJ (2015) Genetic versus environmental contributions to variation in seedling resprouting in nothofagusobliqua. Tree Genet Genomes. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0847-0
Balla K, Karsai I, Bónis P, Kiss T, Berki Z, mHorváth Á et al (2019) Heat stress responses in a large set of winter wheat cultivars (triticum aestivum l.) depend on the timing and duration of stress. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222639
Barnabás B, Jäger K, Fehér A (2008) The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals. Plant Cell Environ. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01727.x
Blighe K, Lun A (2021) PCA tools: PCA tools: everything principal components analysis. R package version 2.6.0 (https://github.com/kevinblighe/PCAtools.)
Bouslama M, Schapaugh WT (1984) Stress tolerance in soybeans. I. Evaluation of three screening techniques for heat and drought tolerance. Crop Sci. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1984.0011183x002400050026x
Boussakouran A, Sakar EH, El-Yamani M, Rharrabti Y (2019) Morphological traits associated with drought stress tolerance in six moroccan durum wheat varieties released between 1984 and 2007. J Crop Sci Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-019-0138-0
Crespo-Herrera LA, Crossa J, Huerta-Espino J, Vargas M, Mondal S, Velu G et al (2018) Genetic gains for grain yield in cimmyt’s semi-arid wheat yield trials grown in suboptimal environments. Crop Sci. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2018.01.0017
Daryanto S, Wang L, Jacinthe PA (2016) Global synthesis of drought effects on maize and wheat production. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156362
Dias AS, Lidon FC (2009) Evaluation of grain filling rate and duration in bread and durum wheat under heat stress after anthesis. J Agron Crop Sci 195:137–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2008.00347.x
Dolferus R, Ji X, Richards RA (2011) Abiotic stress and control of grain number in cereals. Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.05.015
El-Esawi MA, Al-Ghamdi AA, Ali HM, Ahmad M (2019) Overexpression of at WRKY30 transcription factor enhances heat and drought stress tolerance in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). Genes. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10020163
El-Rawy MA, Hassan MI (2014) Effectiveness of drought tolerance indices to identify tolerant genotypes in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.). J Crop Sci Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-014-0080-7
Etminan A, Pour-Aboughadareh A, Mohammadi R, Shooshtari L, Yousefiazarkhanian M, Moradkhani H (2019) Determining the best drought tolerance indices using artificial neural network (ANN): Insight into application of intelligent agriculture in agronomy and plant breeding. Cereal Res Commun. https://doi.org/10.1556/0806.46.2018.057
Federer WT (1956) Augmented (or hoonuiaku) designs. Hawaii Plant Res 55:191–208
Fernandez GCJ (1992) Effective selection criteria for assessing plant stress tolerance. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on “Adaptation of Vegetables and other Food Crops in Temperature and Water Stress”, Taiwan, 13–16 August 1992, pp 257–270
Ferris R, Ellis RH, Wheeler TR, Hadley P (1998) Effect of high temperature stress at anthesis on grain yield and biomass of field grown crops of wheat. Ann Bot 82:631–639. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1998.0740
García-Del Moral LF, Rharrabti Y, Villegas D, Royo C (2003) Evaluation of grain yield and its components in durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions: an ontogenic approach. Agron J. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.2660
Golabadi M, Arzani A, Maibody SAMM (2006) Assessment of drought tolerance in segregating populations in durum wheat. Afr J Agric Res 5:162–171
Grzesiak S, Hordyńska N, Szczyrek P, Grzesiak MT, Noga A, Szechyńska-Hebda M (2019) Variation among wheat (Triticum easativum L.) genotypes in response to the drought stress: I – selection approaches. Journal of Plant Interactions 14(1):30–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2018.1550817
Grigorova B, Vaseva I, Demirevska K, Feller U (2011) Combined drought and heat stress in wheat: changes in some heat shock proteins. Biol Plant. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-011-0014-x
Hays DB, Do JH, Mason RE, Morgan G, Finlayson SA (2007) Heat stress induced ethylene production in developing wheat grains induces kernel abortion and increased maturation in a susceptible cultivar. Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2007.03.004
Joshi AK, Mishra B, Chatrath R, Ortiz Ferrara G, Singh RP (2007) Wheat improvement in India: present status, emerging challenges and future prospects. Euphytica 2007(157):431–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-007-9385-7
Kamrani M, Hoseini Y, Ebadollahi A (2018) Evaluation for heat stress tolerance in durum wheat genotypes using stress tolerance indices. Arch Agron Soil Sci. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1326104
Kaya Y, Taner S (2016) Biomass as a selection criterion for drought tolerance in wheat. Rom Biotechnol Lett 21(3):11505–11512
Khadka K, Raizada MN, Navabi A (2020) Recent progress in germplasm evaluation and gene mapping to enable breeding of drought-tolerant wheat. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.01149
Khan MA, Tahir A, Khurshid N, ul Husnain MI, Ahmed M, Boughanmi H (2020) Economic effects of climate change-induced loss of agricultural production by 2050: a case study of Pakistan. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031216
Kumar H, Chugh V, Kumar M, Gupta V, Prasad S, Kumar S, Singh CM, Kumar R, Singh BK, Panwar G, Kumar M (2023a) Investigating the impact of terminal heat stress on contrasting wheat cultivars: a comprehensive analysis of phenological, physiological, and biochemical traits. Front Plant Sci 14:1189005. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1189005
Kumar M, Sharma RK, Kumar P, Singh GP, Sharma JB, Gajghate R (2013) Evaluation of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) genotypes for terminal heat tolerance under different environments. Indian J Genet Plant Breed. https://doi.org/10.5958/j.0975-6906.73.4.068
Kumar P, Gupta V, Singh G, Singh C, Tyagi BS, Singh GP (2021) Assessment of terminal heat tolerance based on agro-morphological and stress selection indices in wheat. Cereal Res Commun. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-020-00112-2
Kumar S, Kumari J, Bansal R, Kuri BR, Upadhyay D, Srivastava A et al (2018) Multi-environmental evaluation of wheat genotypes for drought tolerance. Indian J Genet Plant Breed. https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-6906.2018.00004.4
Kumar S, Kumar H, Gupta V, Kumar A, Singh CM, Kumar M, Singh AK, Panwar GS, Kumar S, Singh AK, Kumar R (2023b) Capturing agro-morphological variability for tolerance to terminal heat and combined heat-drought stress in landraces and elite cultivar collection of wheat. Front Plant Sci 14:1136455. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1136455
Lamaoui M, Jemo M, Datla R, Bekkaoui F (2018) Heat and drought stresses in crops and approaches for their mitigation. Front Chem. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00026
Liu B, Asseng S, Müller C, Ewert F, Elliott J, Lobell DB et al (2016) Similar estimates of temperature impacts on global wheat yield by three independent methods. Nature Clim Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3115
Liu Z, Qin J, Tian X, Xu S, Wang Y, Li H et al (2018) Global profiling of alternative splicing landscape responsive to drought, heat and their combination in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). Plant Biotechnol J. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12822
Madani A, Rad AS, Pazoki A, Nourmohammadi G, Zarghami R (2010) Wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grain filling and dry matter partitioning responses to source: sink modifications under postanthesis water and nitrogen deficiency. Acta Sci Agron 32:145–151
Manickavelu A, Kawaura K, Oishi K, Shin‑I T, Kohara Y, Yahiaoui N et al (2012) Comprehensive functional analyses of expressed sequence tags in common wheat (triticum aestivum). DNA Res. https://doi.org/10.1093/dnares/dss001
Mittler R (2006) Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination. Trends Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2005.11.002
Mittler R, Blumwald E (2010) Genetic engineering for modern agriculture: challenges and perspectives. Annu Rev Plant Biol. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112116
Modarresi M, Mohammadi V, Zali A, Mardi M (2010) Response of wheat yield and yield related traits to high temperature. Cereal Res Commun. https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.38.2010.1.3
Mondal S, Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, Kehel Z, Autrique E (2015) Characterization of heat- and drought-stress tolerance in high-yielding spring wheat. Crop Sci. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2014.10.0709
Mwadzingeni L, Shimelis H, Tesfay S, Tsilo TJ (2016) Screening of bread wheat genotypes for drought tolerance using phenotypic and proline analyses. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01276
Nagar S, Singh VP, Arora A, Dhakar R, Ramakrishnan S (2015) Assessment of terminal heat tolerance ability of wheat genotypes based on physiological traits using multivariate analysis. Acta Physiol Plant. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-015-2017-2
Pandey GC, Mehta G, Sharma P, Sharma V (2019) Terminal heat tolerance in wheat: an overview. Wheat Barley Res. https://doi.org/10.25174/2249-4065/2019/79252
Pinto RS, Reynolds MP, Mathews KL, McIntyre CL, Olivares-Villegas JJ, Chapman SC (2010) Heat and drought adaptive QTL in a wheat population designed to minimize confounding agronomic effects. Theor Appl Genet. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1351-4
Pour-Aboughadareh A, Omidi M, Naghavi MR, Etminan A, Mehrabi AA, Poczai P et al (2019) Effect of water deficit stress on seedling biomass and physio-chemical characteristics in different species of wheat possessing the D genome. Agronomy. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090522
Pour-Aboughadareh A, Mohammadi R, Etminan A, Shooshtari L, Maleki-Tabrizi N, Poczai P (2020) Effects of drought stress on some agronomic and morpho-physiological traits in durum wheat genotypes. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145610
Pradhan GP, Prasad PVV, Fritz AK, Kirkham MB, Gill BS (2012) Effects of drought and high temperature stress on synthetic hexaploid wheat. Funct Plant Biol. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP11245
Prasad PVV, Pisipati SR, Momcilovic I, Ristic Z (2011) Independent and combined effects of high temperature and drought stress during grain filling on plant yield and chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factor (EF-Tu) expression in spring wheat. J Agron Crop Sci 197:430–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2011.00477.x
Prasch CM, Sonnewald U (2013) Simultaneous application of heat, drought, and virus to arabidopsis plants reveals significant shifts in signaling networks. Plant Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.221044
Prăvălie R, Sîrodoev I, Patriche C, Roșca B, Piticar A, Bandoc G et al (2020) The impact of climate change on agricultural productivity in Romania. A country-scale assessment based on the relationship between climatic water balance and maize yields in recent decades. Agric Syst. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102767
Puri RR, Gauta NR, Joshi AK (2015) Exploring stress tolerance indices to identify terminal heat tolerance in spring wheat in Nepal. J Wheat Res 7(1):13–17
Qaseem MF, Qureshi R, Shaheen H (2019a) Effects of pre-anthesis drought, heat and their combination on the growth, yield and physiology of diverse wheat (triticum aestivum l.) genotypes varying in sensitivity to heat and drought stress. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43477-z
Qaseem MF, Qureshi R, Shaheen H, Shafqat N (2019b) Genome-wide association analyses for yield and yield-related traits in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) under pre-anthesis combined heat and drought stress in field conditions. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213407
Ramirez-Cabral NYZ, Kumar L, Shabani F (2017) Global alterations in areas of suitability for maize production from climate change and using a mechanistic species distribution model (CLIMEX). Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05804-0
Ramirez-Vallejo P, Kelly JD (1998) Traits related to drought resistance in common bean. Euphytica. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018353200015
Reynolds M, Manes Y, Izanloo A, Langridge P (2009) Phenotyping approaches for physiological breeding and gene discovery in wheat. Ann Appl Biol. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2009.00351.x
Reynolds M, Foulkes J, Furbank R, Griffiths S, King J, Murchie E et al (2012) Achieving yield gains in wheat. Plant Cell Environ. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02588.x
Rezaei EE, Siebert S, Ewert F (2015) Intensity of heat stress in winter wheat—Phenology compensates for the adverse effect of global warming. Environ Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/2/024012
Rharrabti Y, Villegas D, Garcia Del Moral LF, Aparicio N, Elhani S, Royo C (2001) Environmental and genetic determination of protein content and grain yield in durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Plant Breed. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00628.x
Rivero RM, Mestre TC, Mittler R, Rubio F, Garcia-Sanchez F, Martinez V (2014) The combined effect of salinity and heat reveals a specific physiological, biochemical and molecular response in tomato plants. Plant Cell Environ. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12199
Sareen S, Munjal R, Singh N, Singh B, Verma R, Meena B et al (2012) Genotype × environment interaction and AMMI analysis for heat tolerance in wheat. Cereal Res Commun. https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.40.2012.2.11
Sareen S, Tyagi BS, Sarial AK, Tiwari V, Sharma I (2014) Trait analysis, diversity, and genotype × environment interaction in some wheat landraces evaluated under drought and heat stress conditions. Chil J Agric Res. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392014000200002
Sattar A, Sher A, Ijaz M, Ul-Allah S, Rizwan MS, Hussain M et al (2020) Terminal drought and heat stress alter physiological and biochemical attributes in flag leaf of bread wheat. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232974
Schmidt J, Tricker PJ, Eckermann P, Kalambettu P, Garcia M, Fleury D (2020) Novel alleles for combined drought and heat stress tolerance in wheat. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01800
Sedeek KEM, Mahas A, Mahfouz M (2019) Plant genome engineering for targeted improvement of crop traits. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00114
Sharma D, Jaiswal JP, Gahtyari NC, Chauhan A, Chhabra R, Saripalli G et al (2020) Population structure, marker-trait association and identification of candidate genes for terminal heat stress relevant traits in bread wheat (triticum aestivum L. emThell). Plant Genet Resour Charact Util. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479262120000131
Sharma P, Sareen S, Saini M, Verma A, Tyagi BS, Sharma I (2014) Assessing genetic variation for heat tolerance in synthetic wheat lines using phenotypic data and molecular markers. Aust J Crop Sci 8:
Shiferaw B, Smale M, Braun HJ, Duveiller E, Reynolds M, Muricho G (2013) Crops that feed the world 10. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by wheat in global food security. Food Sec. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-013-0263-y
STAR, version 2.0.1 (2014) Biometrics and breeding informatics, PBGB division. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños
Sukumaran S, Reynolds MP, Sansaloni C (2018) Genome-wide association analyses identify QTL hotspots for yield and component traits in durum wheat grown under yield potential, drought, and heat stress environments. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00081
Sunil H, Upadhyay D, Gajghate R, Shashi kumara P, Chouhan D et al (2020) QTL mapping for heat tolerance related traits using backcross inbred lines in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). Indian J Genet Plant Breed. https://doi.org/10.31742/IJGPB.80.3.2
Suzuki N, Koussevitzky S, Mittler R, Miller G (2012) ROS and redox signalling in the response of plants to abiotic stress. Plant Cell Environ. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02336.x
Toreti A, Cronie O, Zampieri M (2019) Concurrent climate extremes in the key wheat producing regions of the world. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41932-5
Vaughan MM, Block A, Christensen SA, Allen LH, Schmelz EA (2018) The effects of climate change associated abiotic stresses on maize phytochemical defenses. Phytochem Rev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-017-9508-2
Viswanathan C, Khanna-Chopra R (2001) Effect of heat stress on grain growth, starch synthesis and protein synthesis in grains of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). Varieties differing in grain weight stability. J Agron Crop Sci 186:1–7
VSN International (2021) Genstat for windows, 21st edn. VSN International, Hemel Hempstead (Genstat.co.uk)
Wei TM, Chang XP, Min DH, Jing RL (2010) Analysis of genetic diversity and trapping elite alleles for plant height in drought-tolerant wheat cultivars. Acta Agron Sin 36:895–904
Xiao YG, Qian ZG, Wu K, Liu JJ, Xia XC, Ji WQ et al (2012) Genetic gains in grain yield and physiological traits of winter wheat in Shandong province, China, from 1969 to 2006. Crop Sci. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2011.05.0246
Yin XY, Guo W, Spiertz JH (2009) A quantitative approach to characterize sink-source relationships during grain filling in contrasting wheat genotypes. Field Crop Res 114:119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.07.013
Zampieri M, Ceglar A, Dentener F, Toreti A (2017) Wheat yield loss attributable to heat waves, drought and water excess at the global, national and subnational scales. Environ Res Lett 12(6):64008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa723b
Zarei L, Cheghamirza K, Farshadfar E (2013) Evaluation of grain yield and some agronomic characters in durum wheat (triticum turgidum l.) under rainfed conditions. Aust J Crop Sci 7:
Zhang J, Zhang S, Cheng M, Jiang H, Zhang X, Peng C et al (2018) Effect of drought on agronomic traits of rice and wheat: a meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050839
Funding
This work was undertaken under institutional grant for research received from Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
PK, VG, CS Conceived, collected and analysed the data. PK, VG, CS, SSS and GS wrote this paper. GS, BST, AKS and GPS edited this paper. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
P. Kumar, V. Gupta, C. Singh, A.K. Sharma, B. Tyagi, S.S. Singh, G.P. Singh and G. Singh declare that they have no competing interests.
Supplementary Information
Table S1. List of wheat genotypes used in the present study
Table S2a Correlation among yield components under normal conditions
Table S2b Correlation among yield components under heat conditions
Table S2C Correlation among yield components under drought conditions
Table S2d Correlation among yield components under heat and drought conditions
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, P., Gupta, V., Singh, C. et al. Capturing the Variability for Heat and Drought Tolerance in Wheat Using Multiple Selection Indices. Journal of Crop Health 76, 219–234 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-023-00938-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-023-00938-w