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Evaluation of Biocontrol Potential of Seven Indigenous Trichoderma Species against Charcoal Rot Causing Fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina

Bewertung des biologischen Kontrollpotenzials von sieben einheimischen Trichoderma-Arten gegen den Holzkohlenfäule-verursachenden Pilz, Macrophomina phaseolina

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Abstract

Charcoal rot incited by Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the major diseases of green gram and black gram in Pakistan reducing yields up to 40%. As there are no long-term control strategies for this seed- and soil-borne pathogen, therefore, in the present study, seven indigenous species of Trichoderma were evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo effectiveness against M. phaseolina with the objective to identify alternatives to pernicious fungicides. All seven species of Trichoderma significantly retarded the growth of M. phaseolina in vitro. Maximum reduction (79.63%) was observed with T. harzianum followed by T. hamatum (76.3%) while T. pseudokoningii caused the minimum decrease (58.14%) in growth of the fungus. Similarly, Trichoderma species had significant effects on number and size of sclerotia. M. phaseolina produced the minimum number of sclerotia in the presence of T. hamatum followed by T. harzianum causing reductions of 69.5 and 66.84% over control, respectively. The maximum reduction in size of sclerotia was caused by T. harzianum. The maximum plant survival of green and black gram was obtained with T. harzianum followed by T. hamatum and T. viride. The maximum individual germination of 86.67% was achieved with T. harzianum at a concentration of 2 × 108 (propagules/ml), while the minimum (33.33%) was recorded with T. pseudokoningii at 2 × 104. Trichoderma concentrations also had significant effects on plant survival, being the maximum at the highest concentration. The plant survival decreased as the concentrations of the antagonists decreased showing a direct relationship between plant survival and concentrations.

Zusammenfassung

Die durch Macrophomina phaseolina hervorgerufene Holzkohlenfäule ist eine der Hauptkrankheiten bei der Mungbohne und der Urdbohne in Pakistan und reduziert die Erträge um bis zu 40 %. Da es keine langfristigen Bekämpfungsstrategien für diesen samen- und bodenbürtigen Erreger gibt, wurden in der vorliegenden Studie sieben einheimische Trichoderma-Arten auf ihre in-vitro- und in-vivo-Wirksamkeit gegen M. phaseolina mit dem Ziel untersucht, Alternativen zu schädlichen Fungiziden zu finden. Alle sieben Trichoderma-Arten verzögerten das Wachstum von M. phaseolina in vitro signifikant. Die maximale Reduktion (79,63 %) wurde bei T. harzianum beobachtet, gefolgt von T. hamatum (76,3 %), während T. pseudokoningii die geringste Abnahme (58,14 %) des Pilzwachstums verursachte. In ähnlicher Weise hatten die Trichoderma-Arten signifikante Auswirkungen auf Anzahl und Größe der Sklerotien. M. phaseolina produzierte die minimale Anzahl von Sklerotien in Anwesenheit von T. hamatum, gefolgt von T. harzianum, was zu einer Verringerung um 69,5 % bzw. 66,84 % gegenüber der Kontrolle führte. Die maximale Verringerung der Größe der Sklerotien wurde durch T. harzianum verursacht. Das maximale Überleben der Mungbohne und der Urdbohne wurde mit T. harzianum erreicht, gefolgt von T. hamatum und T. viride. Die maximale Keimung von 86,67 % wurde mit T. harzianum bei einer Konzentration von 2 × 108 (propagules/ml) erreicht, während das Minimum (33,33 %) mit T. pseudokoningii bei 2 × 104 erfasst wurde. Die verwendeten Trichoderma-Konzentrationen hatten ebenfalls signifikante Auswirkungen auf das Überleben der Pflanzen, wobei das Maximum bei der höchsten Konzentration erreicht wurde. Das Pflanzenüberleben nahm mit der Reduktion der Konzentrationen ab, was eine direkte Beziehung zwischen dem Pflanzenüberleben und den Konzentrationen zeigte.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Umer Iqbal

  2. Department of Plant Pathology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Tariq Mukhtar

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  1. Umer Iqbal
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Correspondence to Tariq Mukhtar.

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U. Iqbal and T. Mukhtar declare that they have no competing interests.

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Iqbal, U., Mukhtar, T. Evaluation of Biocontrol Potential of Seven Indigenous Trichoderma Species against Charcoal Rot Causing Fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina. Gesunde Pflanzen 72, 195–202 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-020-00501-x

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