Abstract
The International GNSS Service aims to provide combined satellite clock and code/phase bias products in the recent third reprocessing campaign (Repro3) to enable more robust ambiguity resolution in precise point positioning (PPP-AR). However, the interoperability of the code/phase bias products from different analysis centers (ACs) was seriously corrupted by their inconsistent corrections of GPS Block III and Galileo satellite antenna phase center (APC) effects. To achieve a sufficient and rapid reconciliation among the Repro3 bias products, we correct efficiently only for the antenna phase center offsets in the radial direction (i.e., z-PCOs), rather than ask each AC to reprocess their 25 years of products by strictly correcting for APC effects repeatedly. A clock/bias combination for 2020 demonstrates that our approximate APC correction significantly reduces the inconsistency among ACs’ satellite clock/bias products. The mean residuals from the combination of differential code biases and wide-lane phase biases are within 0.1 ns and 0.03 cycles, respectively. A 30-day PPP-AR test using GPS and Galileo data from 90 stations shows that our combination clock/bias products can still guarantee a wide-lane ambiguity fixing rate that differs by less than 0.5% from that resulting from APC strictly corrected combination products.
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Data availability
The IGS repro3 products and GNSS observations used in this study can be accessed publicly at https://cddis.nasa.gov/archive/gnss/products/repro3/ and https://cddis.nasa.gov/archive/gps/data/daily/. The Repro3 combination products with approximate APC corrections applied are labeled as “IGS2R03FIN” therein (see IGSMAIL-8248). The open-source PRIDE PPP-AR v2.2 software package can be downloaded at https://github.com/PrideLab/PRIDE-PPPAR/.
Abbreviations
- AC:
-
(Analysis center)
- ANTEX:
-
(Antenna Exchange)
- APC:
-
(Antenna phase center)
- BDS:
-
(Beidou navigation satellite system)
- CNES:
-
(Centre National d’Études Spatiales)
- CODE:
-
(Center for Orbit Determination in Europe)
- DCB:
-
(Differential code bias)
- FOC:
-
(Full Operational Capability)
- GF:
-
(Geometry-free)
- GNSS:
-
(Global navigation satellite system)
- GPS:
-
(Global positioning system)
- HMW:
-
(Hatch–Melbourne–Wübbena)
- IF:
-
(Ionospheric-free)
- IGS:
-
(The International GNSS Service)
- IOV:
-
(In-Orbit Validation)
- LOS:
-
(Line-of-sight)
- NRCan:
-
(Natural Resources Canada)
- OSB:
-
(Observable-specific bias)
- PCO:
-
(Phase center offset)
- PCV:
-
(Phase center variation)
- PPP-AR:
-
(Precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution)
- Repro3:
-
(The third reprocessing campaign)
- RMS:
-
(Root mean square)
- STD:
-
(Standard deviation)
- TUG:
-
(Technical University of Graz)
- UPD:
-
(Uncalibrated phase delay)
- WHU:
-
(Wuhan University)
- WL:
-
(Wide-lane)
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Acknowledgements
We thank Sebastian Strasser for providing reference satellite attitudes and the IGS analysis centers for providing Repro3 satellite products. The work for generating WHU clock/bias products and PPP-AR processing was facilitated by the supercomputing system at Wuhan University. This work is coordinated within the IGS PPP-AR Working Group. The National Science Foundation of China (42025401) and Hubei Luojia Laboratory (220100021) funded this study.
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JG developed the initial concepts and designed the research. JL detailed the concepts and drafted the paper. JL, ZY, and QZ performed the experiment. JG and SM revised the paper. All authors approved the manuscript.
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Lin, J., Geng, J., Yan, Z. et al. Correcting antenna phase center effects to reconcile the code/phase bias products from the third IGS reprocessing campaign. GPS Solut 27, 70 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01405-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01405-9