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Groundwater Source Identification and Flow Model of the Dareh-Zar Copper Mine in Central Iran by Chemo-isotopic Techniques

Identifizierung der Grundwasserquellen und Erstellung eines Strömungsmodells für den Dareh-Zar-Kupfererzbergbau im Zentraliran mit Hilfe von Chemoisotopenmethoden

Identificación de la fuente de agua subterránea y modelo de flujo de la mina de cobre de Dareh-Zar en el centro de Irán mediante técnicas quimioisotópicas

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Abstract

Seepage with AMD characteristics is observed in the Dareh-Zar copper mine in central Iran and more water inrush events are expected since the pit extends below the local groundwater levels. In order to properly design a dewatering system, it was necessary to determine the source of this groundwater and to establish a groundwater flow model. Thirty-nine water samples were collected from springs, qanats, observation wells, seepages, and permanent river water and analyzed for major ions, silica, Fe, Cu, and stable isotopes (18O and 2H). The electrical conductivity and pH of the water samples ranged from 403 to 4810 μS/cm and 3.3 to 8.6, respectively. The PCA and biplot diagrams confirmed the role of mineral weathering, redox reactions (Fe2+ release), and gypsum dissolution on groundwater chemistry outside of the pit and the effects of pyrite oxidation on weathering and dissolution reactions inside the pit. Based on hydraulic features inferred from the iso-potential map of the aquifer and cluster analysis of the chemical data, two distinct groundwater sources from the northwest and east of the mine, with fresh (Ca-HCO3) and brackish (Na-SO4) signatures, respectively, were identified as the possible sources of the Ca-SO4 groundwater in the mine pit. The dramatic difference in Na concentrations in most of the samples does not support groundwater evolution to Ca-SO4 types in the pit simply by mixing. Instead, the Ca-HCO3 groundwaters from the north and northwest areas likely evolve to the Ca-SO4 water-type in the pit due to pyrite oxidation. The stable isotopes indicated groundwater recharge zones at elevations ranging from 2479 to 2877 m above mean sea level, which is, on average, 207 m above the pit area and suggests that the north and northwest recharge zones are the primary source of the groundwater inrushes. These results are being used to help design a dewatering scheme for this mining area.

Zusammenfassung

Im Kupfererzbergbau Dareh-Zar im Zentraliran wird Sickerwasser mit AMD-Eigenschaften beobachtet. Es wird mit weiteren Wassereinbrüchen gerechnet, da die Grube unterhalb des örtlichen Grundwasserspiegels liegt. Um ein sachgerechtes Wasserhaltungssystem auszulegen, war es notwendig, die Grundwassersquellen zu bestimmen und ein Grundwasserströmungsmodell zu erstellen. Neununddreißig Wasserproben wurden aus Quellen, Qanats, Beobachtungsbrunnen, Sickerwasseraustritten und permanentem Flusswasser entnommen und auf Hauptionen, Kieselsäure, Fe, Cu und stabile Isotope (O-18 und H-2) analysiert. Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit und der pH-Wert der Wasserproben reichten von 403 bis 4810 μS/cm bzw. 3,3 bis 8,6. Die PCA- und Biplot-Diagramme bestätigten die Rolle der Mineralverwitterung, der Redoxreaktionen (Fe2+-Freisetzung) und der Gipsauflösung für die Grundwasserchemie außerhalb der Grube sowie die Auswirkungen der Pyritoxidation auf Verwitterungs- und Auflösungsreaktionen innerhalb der Grube. Auf der Grundlage der aus der Isopotentialkarte des Grundwasserleiters abgeleiteten hydraulischen Merkmale und der Clusteranalyse der chemischen Daten wurden zwei unterschiedliche Grundwasserquellen aus dem Nordwesten und Osten der Grube mit frischen (Ca-HCO3) bzw. brackigen (Na-SO4) Signaturen als mögliche Quellen des Ca-SO4-Grundwassers in der Grube identifiziert. Der dramatische Unterschied in den Na-Konzentrationen in den meisten Proben spricht nicht dafür, dass sich das Grundwasser in der Grube einfach durch Vermischung zu Ca-SO4-Typen entwickelt. Stattdessen entwickeln sich die Ca-HCO3-Grundwässer aus den nördlichen und nordwestlichen Gebieten wahrscheinlich durch Pyritoxidation zum Ca-SO4-Wassertyp in der Grube. Die stabilen Isotope wiesen auf Grundwasseranreicherungszonen in Höhen zwischen 2479 und 2877 m über dem mittleren Meeresspiegel hin, was im Durchschnitt 207 m über dem Grubengebiet liegt und darauf schließen lässt, dass die nördlichen und nordwestlichen Anreicherungszonen die Hauptquelle der Grundwassereinbrüche sind. Diese Ergebnisse werden für die Planung eines Wasserhaltungssystems für dieses Bergbaurevier herangezogen.

Resumen

En la mina de cobre de Dareh-Zar, en el centro de Irán, se observan filtraciones con características de AMD y se espera que se produzcan más entradas de agua, ya que el pozo se extiende por debajo de los niveles locales de agua subterránea. Para diseñar adecuadamente un sistema de desagüe, era necesario determinar el origen de estas aguas subterráneas y establecer un modelo de flujo de aguas subterráneas. Se recogieron 39 muestras de agua de manantiales, qanats, pozos de observación, filtraciones y agua fluvial permanente, y se analizaron en busca de iones principales, sílice, Fe, Cu e isótopos estables (18O y 2H). La conductividad eléctrica y el pH de las muestras de agua oscilaron entre 403 y 4810 μS/cm y entre 3,3 y 8,6, respectivamente. Los diagramas PCA y biplot confirmaron el papel de la meteorización mineral, las reacciones redox (liberación de Fe2+) y la disolución de yeso en la química del agua subterránea fuera del pozo y los efectos de la oxidación de la pirita en las reacciones de meteorización y disolución dentro del pozo. Basándose en las características hidráulicas deducidas del mapa isopotencial del acuífero y en el análisis de cluster de los datos químicos, se identificaron dos fuentes distintas de agua subterránea del noroeste y del este de la mina, con firmas frescas (Ca-HCO3) y salobres (Na-SO4), respectivamente, como las posibles fuentes del agua subterránea Ca-SO4 en el pozo de la mina. La dramática diferencia en las concentraciones de Na en la mayoría de las muestras no apoya la evolución del agua subterránea a los tipos Ca-SO4 en el pozo simplemente por mezcla. En cambio, las aguas subterráneas Ca-HCO3 de las zonas norte y noroeste probablemente evolucionan al tipo de agua Ca-SO4 en el pozo debido a la oxidación de la pirita. Los isótopos estables indicaron la existencia de zonas de recarga de aguas subterráneas a una altitud de entre 2.479 y 2.877 m sobre el nivel medio del mar, lo que supone una media de 207 m por encima de la zona del pozo y sugiere que las zonas de recarga del norte y el noroeste son la fuente principal de las entradas de agua subterránea. Estos resultados se están utilizando para ayudar a diseñar un plan de desagüe para esta zona minera.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the National Iranian Copper Industry Co. and Dr. H. Sahraei Parizi.

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  1. Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

    Sepideh Mali, Hadi Jafari & Rahim Bagheri

  2. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

    Reza Jahanshahi

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Mali, S., Jafari, H., Jahanshahi, R. et al. Groundwater Source Identification and Flow Model of the Dareh-Zar Copper Mine in Central Iran by Chemo-isotopic Techniques. Mine Water Environ 41, 921–937 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-022-00909-z

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