Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Utilization of chloroprene rubber waste as blending component with natural rubber: aspect on metal oxide contents

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Recently, reutilization of rubber waste and finding an alternative way to extend its use are a keen interest. This has come to an idea to blend it with virgin rubber to gain synergistic properties from its own advantages. In this study, natural rubber (NR) and recycled chloroprene rubber (R-CR) were blended as a way to combine the mechanical properties and solvent resistance given by NR and R-CR, respectively. Detailed investigations on the role of metal oxide contents in NR/R-CR blends were thoroughly focused. This was mainly to improve the final properties of the blends. Three main functions of metal oxides were promoted, namely activator, curing agent and reinforcing filler. The vulcanization process was found to be accelerated where the mechanical properties and thermal properties are obviously enhanced. Higher amount of metal oxides resulted in excessive crosslink networks and agglomeration formation which detrimental the properties of NR/R-CR blend. Based on the obtained result, the amount of metal oxides required for optimal properties was 4 phr of MgO and 10 phr of ZnO. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the blends can be increased with increasing the amount of metal oxide due to the presence of molecular restriction arising from its cross-link density.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Sae-oui P, Sirisinha C, Hatthapanit K (2007) Effect of blend ratio on aging, oil and ozone resistance of silica-filled chloroprene rubber/natural rubber (CR/NR) blends. Express Polym Lett 1:8–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Sae-oui P, Sirisinha C, Thepsuwan U, Thapthong P (2007) Influence of accelerator type on properties of NR/EPDM blends. Polym Test 26:1062–1067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Chang YW, Shin YS, Chun H, Nah C (1999) Effects of trans-polyoctylene rubber (TOR) on the properties of NR/EPDM blends. J Appl Polym Sci 73:749–756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. El-Sabbagh SH (2003) Compatibility study of natural rubber and ethylene-propylene diene rubber blends. Polym Test 22:93–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Hayeemasae N, Ismail H, Azura AR (2013) Blending of natural rubber/recycled ethylene-propylene-diene monomer: cure behaviors and mechanical properties. Polym Plast Technol Eng 52:501–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Salleh SZ, Ismail H, Ahmad Z (2013) Study on the effect of virgin and recycled chloroprene rubber (vCR and rCR) on the properties of natural rubber/chloroprene rubber (NR/CR) blends. J Polym Eng 33:803–811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Salleh SZ, Ismail H, Ahmad Z (2016) Properties of natural rubber latex-compatibilized natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber blends. J Elastomers Plast 48:640–655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hofman W, Adams M (1994) Rubber technology handbook. In: Tribology international, p 370

  9. Rodgers B, Waddell W (2013) the science of rubber compounding. In: The science and technology of rubber, pp 417–471

  10. Heideman G, Datta RN, Noordermeer JWM, Van Baarle B (2005) Influence of zinc oxide during different stages of sulfur vulcanization. Elucidated by model compound studies. J Appl Polym Sci 95:1388–1404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Tinker AJ (1995) Distribution of crosslinks in vulcanized blends. Rubber Chem Technol 68:461–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Graff RS (197AD) Neoprene and hypalon part I: neoprene. In: Rubber technology, pp 339–359

  13. Flory PJ, Rehner J (1943) Statistical mechanics of cross-linked polymer networks II. Swelling. J Chem Phys 11:521–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hernández M, Valentín JL, López-Manchado MA, Ezquerra TA (2015) Influence of the vulcanization system on the dynamics and structure of natural rubber: comparative study by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Eur Polym J 68:90–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. da Costa HM, Abrantes TAS, Nunes RCR, Visconte LLY, Furtado CRG (2003) Design and analysis of experiments in silica filled natural rubber compounds—effect of castor oil. Polym Test 22:769–777

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Heideman G, Datta RN, Noordermeer JWM, van Baarle B (2004) Activators in accelerated sulfur vulcanization. Rubber Chem Technol 77:512–541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Heideman G, Noordermeer JWM, Datta RN, Van Baarle B (2005) Effect of metal oxides as activator for sulphur vulcanisation in various rubbers. KGK Kaut Gummi Kunstst 58:30–42

    Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang P, Huang G, Wang X, Nie Y, Qu L, Wen G (2010) The influence of montmorillonite on the anti-reversion in the rubber–clay composites. J Appl Polym Sci 118:306–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Roy K, Alam MN, Mandal SK, Debnath SC (2016) Development of a suitable nanostructured cure activator system for polychloroprene rubber nanocomposites with enhanced curing, mechanical and thermal properties. Polym Bull 73:191–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Desai H, Hendrikse KG, Woolard CD (2007) Vulcanization of polychloroprene rubber. I. A revised cationic mechanism for ZnO crosslinking. J Appl Polym Sci 105:865–876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Da Costa H, Visconte L, Nunes R, Furtado C (2003) Rice husk ash filled natural rubber. III. Role of metal oxides in kinetics of sulfur vulcanization. J Appl Polym Sci 90:1519–1531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kueseng P, Sae-Oui P, Rattanasom N (2013) Mechanical and electrical properties of natural rubber and nitrile rubber blends filled with multi-wall carbon nanotube: effect of preparation methods. Polym Test 32:731–738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Sahoo S, Maiti M, Ganguly A, George JJ, Bhowmick AK (2007) Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles as cure activator on the properties of natural rubber and nitrile rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 105:2407–2415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ismail H, Ramly F, Othman N (2010) Multiwall carbon nanotube-filled natural rubber: the effects of filler loading and mixing method. Polym Plast Technol Eng 49:260–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Nabil H, Ismail H, Azura AR (2013) Compounding, mechanical and morphological properties of carbon-black-filled natural rubber/recycled ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (NR/R-EPDM) blends. Polym Test 32:385–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Sae-Oui P, Sirisinha C, Hatthapanit K, Phewthongin N (2008) Influence of magnesium carbonate loading on the compound properties of polychloroprene, natural rubber, and their blends. J Appl Polym Sci 110:2763–2769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Intiya W, Thepsuwan U, Sirisinha C, Sae-Oui P (2017) Possible use of sludge ash as filler in natural rubber. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 19:774–781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Zhang P, Huang G, Liu Z (2009) An effect of OMMT on the anti-reversion in NR/CR blend system. J Appl Polym Sci 111:673–679

    Google Scholar 

  29. Mathialagan M, Ismail H (2012) Optimization and effect of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane content on the properties of bentonite-filled ethylene propylene diene monomer composites. Polym Compos 33:1993–2000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Tomer NS, Delor-Jestin F, Singh RP, Lacoste J (2007) Cross-linking assessment after accelerated ageing of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber. Polym Degrad Stab 92:457–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Bin Liu Y, Liu WQ, Hou MH (2007) Metal dicarboxylates as thermal stabilizers for PVC. Polym Degrad Stab 92:1565–1571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Benavides R, Edge M, Allen NS, Shah M, Tellez MM (1995) The mode of action of metal stearate stabilisers in poly (vinyl chloride). III. Influence of pre-heating on polyene formation and secondary reactions. Polym Degrad Stab 48:377–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kameda T, Watanabe Y, Grause G, Yoshioka T (2008) Dehydrochlorination behavior of polychloroprene during thermal degradation. Thermochim Acta 476:28–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Chakraborty S, Roy P, Pathak A, Debnath M, Dasgupta S, Mukhopadhyay R, Bandyopadhyay S (2011) Composition analysis of carbon black-filled polychloroprene rubber compound by thermo-oxidative degradation of the compound. J Elastom Plast 43:499–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Nabil H, Ismail H, Azura AR (2013) Effects of virgin ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer and its preheating time on the properties of natural rubber/recycled ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer blends. Mater Des 50:27–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Geethamma VG, Kalaprasad G, Groeninckx G, Thomas S (2005) Dynamic mechanical behavior of short coir fiber reinforced natural rubber composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 36:1499–1506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ramesan MT, Mathew G, Kuriakose B, Alex R (2001) Role of dichlorocarbene modified styrene butadiene rubber in compatibilisation of styrene butadiene rubber and chloroprene rubber blends. Eur Polym J. 37:719–728

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, 94000, Thailand

    Nabil Hayeemasae

  2. School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

    Siti Zuliana Salleh & Hanafi Ismail

Authors
  1. Nabil Hayeemasae
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Siti Zuliana Salleh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hanafi Ismail
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nabil Hayeemasae.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hayeemasae, N., Salleh, S.Z. & Ismail, H. Utilization of chloroprene rubber waste as blending component with natural rubber: aspect on metal oxide contents. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 21, 1095–1105 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00862-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00862-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation