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Hearing Impairment and Cognition in an Aging World

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Abstract

With the increasing number of older adults around the world, the overall number of dementia cases is expected to rise dramatically in the next 40 years. In 2020, nearly 6 million individuals in the USA were living with Alzheimer’s disease, the most common type of dementia, with anticipated growth to nearly 14 million by year 2050. This increasing prevalence, coupled with high societal burden, makes prevention and intervention of dementia a medical and public health priority. As clinicians and researchers, we will continue to see more individuals with hearing loss with other comorbidities including dementia. Epidemiologic evidence suggests an association between hearing loss and increased risk of dementia, presenting opportunity for targeted intervention for hearing loss to play a fundamental role in dementia prevention. In this discussion, we summarize current research on the association between hearing loss and dementia and review potential casual mechanisms behind the association (e.g., sensory-deprivation hypothesis, information-degradation hypothesis, common cause). We emphasize key areas of research which might best inform our investigation of this potential casual association. These selected research priorities include examination of the causal mechanism, measurement of co-existing hearing loss and cognitive impairment, and potential of aural rehabilitation. Addressing these research gaps and how results are then translated for clinical use is paramount for dementia prevention and overall health of older adults.

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Funding

Dr. Deal was supported by NIH/NIA grant K01AG054693. Dr. Oh was supported by NIH grant R01AG057725.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department, of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Danielle S. Powell, Frank R. Lin & Jennifer A. Deal

  2. Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Danielle S. Powell & Frank R. Lin

  3. Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Danielle S. Powell, Esther S. Oh, Frank R. Lin & Jennifer A. Deal

  4. Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Esther S. Oh

  5. Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Frank R. Lin & Jennifer A. Deal

Authors
  1. Danielle S. Powell
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  2. Esther S. Oh
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  3. Frank R. Lin
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  4. Jennifer A. Deal
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Danielle S. Powell.

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Conflict of Interest

Dr. Frank Lin reports being a consultant to Frequency Therapeutics, speaker honoraria from Caption Call, and being the director of a public health research center funded in part by a philanthropic gift from Cochlear Ltd to the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. Danielle Powell, Dr. Jennifer Deal, and Dr. Esther Oh declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Powell, D.S., Oh, E.S., Lin, F.R. et al. Hearing Impairment and Cognition in an Aging World. JARO 22, 387–403 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10162-021-00799-y

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