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Antimicrobial and anticorrosive efficacy of inorganic nanoporous surfaces

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Abstract

The relationship between microbe populations that are active on engineered-product surfaces and their relationship to surface corrosion or human health is increasingly being recognized by the materials engineering community as a critically important study-direction. Microbial contamination from biofilms and germ colonies leads to costs that are reported to be extremely high every year in infection control, epidemics, corrosion loss and energy/infrastructure materials loss throughout the world. Nanostructured surfaces, particularly those that are hard-surface nanoporous (pore radii between 2 and 1000 nm), are an emerging class of surfaces that have recently been recognized as important for the prevention of microbial colony growth and biofilm formation. Such nanostructured/nanoporous surfaces, whether made with deposited nanoparticles (welded nanoparticles), or formed by ion-assisted growth on a surface have been found to display biocidal activity with varying efficacy that depends on both the microbe and the nanosurface features. The rate of mortality from common pathogens that are resident in ubiquitous bio-films when attached to common engineering surfaces made of steels, titanium and zirconium appears to be increasing. In this short review, we look at methods of manufacture of durable (i.e., highly scratch resistant) nanostructuring on commonly used engineering surfaces. The microstructures, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy and other types of characterization of a few such surfaces are presented. Simple tests are required by the surface engineering community for understanding the efficacy of a surface for antimicrobial action. These are reviewed. The surface drying rate and the dynamics of the droplet spread have been proposed in the literature as quick methods that correlate well with the residual antimicrobial activity efficacy even after some surface abrasion of the nanostructured surface. A categorization of a surface against short-term antimicrobial action and long-term action is proposed in this review article. Test periods that span time-frames greater than 5 years have demonstrated a high efficacy of the nanoporous nanostructures for preventing bio-film formation. New comparative results for diamond- and graphite-containing surfaces are presented. A brief discussion on a recently developed plasma application technique for creating durable nanoporous surfaces is presented. Although considerable information is now available regarding tunable surface nanofeatures for antimicroabial efficacy, there is a need for more research activity, particularly directed toward the low cost manufacture and rapid characterization of durable (wear and chemical resistant) surfaces that display permanent antimicrobial behavior.

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Acknowledgments

The research reported in this article was performed with combined funding from various sources. An MHI-EPA CRADA #682-12 with The US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, NRMRL, WSWRD, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr. Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA is acknowledged which enabled use of the MHI cascade e-ion. The authors gratefully acknowledge NSF funding (GS), EPA funding (NM) and considerable considerations provided by Micropyretics Heaters International Inc. (MHI Inc.) from corporate R&D funds #MHI3-4/205-2016. Scratch tests were performed at CSM laboratories.

Trade Names

The trade name cascade e-ion and PermaClean S-e-ion-10 belong to Micropyretics Heaters International Inc. USA. The luminosity meter is manufactured by Kikkoman Japan, model number Luminester PD-20.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Thermodynamics and Design Institute, MHI Inc., 750 Redna Terrace, Cincinnati, OH, 45215, USA

    M. C. Connelly, G. S. Reddy & J. A. Sekhar

  2. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45324, USA

    Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda

  3. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA

    J. A. Sekhar

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  1. M. C. Connelly
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Correspondence to J. A. Sekhar.

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Connelly, M.C., Reddy, G.S., Nadagouda, M.N. et al. Antimicrobial and anticorrosive efficacy of inorganic nanoporous surfaces. Clean Techn Environ Policy 19, 845–857 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1272-2

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