Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physical modeling of the dynamics of a revetment breakwater built on reclaimed coral calcareous sand foundation in the South China Sea—tsunami wave

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, taking the reclamation engineering in the South China Sea as the background, several wave flume experiments (geometrical similarity scale is set as 1:10) are performed to study the dynamics and the stability of a reclaimed calcareous sand foundation and the breakwater built on it, under the impacting of tsunami wave. Tsunami wave is similarly simulated by N wave in the wave flume. It is shown by the experimental results that the revetment breakwater has no visible displacement, and there is no significant deformation in the reclaimed coral sand foundation, regardless the foundation is in dense or loose state under tsunami wave attacking. Furthermore, there is indeed excess pore pressure generated in the reclaimed coral foundation with a maximum magnitude of 1.5 kPa, caused by the water overtopping or the seepage. It is found that the excess pore pressure has not caused liquefaction in the reclaimed calcareous sand foundation due to the fact that there is only one peak impacting for the tsunami wave-induced load, rather than a cyclic one. Finally, it is concluded that the reclaimed calcareous sand foundation and the breakwater built on it are basically stable under tsunami wave impacting. However, the excessive water overtopping would be a potential threat for the vegetation behind the breakwater, as well as for the underground desalinated water in the reclaimed lands.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Chávez V, Mendoza E, Silva R, Silva A, Losada M (2017) An experimental method to verify the failure of coastal structures by wave induced liquefaction of clayey soils. Coast Eng 123:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esteban M, Thao ND, Takagi H, Shibayama T. (2008) Laboratory experiments on the sliding failure of a caisson breakwater subjected to solitary wave attack. In Proceedings of the Eighth ISOPE Pacific/Asia Offshore Mechanics Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand, 10–14 November.

  • Esteban M, Thao ND, Takagi H, Shibayama T (2009) Pressure exerted by a solitary wave on the rubble mound foundation of an armoured caisson breakwater. In Proceedings of the 19th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Osaka, Japan, 21–26 June.

  • Esteban M, Morikubo I, Shibayama T, Muñoz RA, Mikami T, Thao ND, Ohira K, Ohtani A (2012) Stability of rubble mound breakwaters against solitary waves. In Proceedings of the 33nd International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Santander, Spain, 1–6 July.

  • Gao R, Ye JH (2019) Experimental investigation on the dynamic characteristics of calcareous sand from the reclaimed coral reef islands in the South China Sea. Rock Soil Mech 40(10):3897–3896

  • Gu C (2011) Geographical report of 311 earthquake in Japan. Acta Geograph Sin 66(6):853–861

    Google Scholar 

  • Guler HG, Baykal C, Arikawa T, Yalciner AC (2018) Numerical assessment of tsunami attack on a rubble mound breakwater using OpenFOAM®. Appl Ocean Res 72:76–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guler HG, Arikawa T, Oei T, Yalciner AC (2015) Performance of rubble mound breakwaters under tsunami attack, a case study: Haydarpasa Port, Istanbul, Turkey. Coast Eng 104:43–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimshaw R (1971) The solitary wave in water of variable depth. Part 2. J Fluid Mech 46(03):611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanzawa M, Matsumoto A, Tanaka H (2012a) Stability of wave-dissipating concrete blocks of detached breakwaters against tsunami. ICCE

  • Hanzawa M, Matsumoto A, Tanaka H (2012b) Applicability of cadmas-surf to evaluate detached breakwater effects on solitary tsunami wave reduction. Earth, Planets and Space 64(10):955–964

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He SH, Ding Z, Xia TD, Zhou WH, Gan XL, Chen YZ, Xia F (2020a) Long-term behaviour and degradation of calcareous sand under cyclic loading. Eng Geol 276:105756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He SH, Zhang QF, Ding Z, Xia TD, Gan XL (2020b) Experimental and estimation studies of resilient modulus of marine coral sand under cyclic loading. J Mar Sci Eng 8(4):287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeno M, Mori N, Tanaka H (2001) Experimental study on tsunami force and impulsive force by a drifter under breaking bore like Tsunamis. Coast Eng J 48:846–850

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikeno M, Tanaka H (2003) Experimental study on impulse force of drift body and tsunami running up to land. Ann J Coast Eng 50:721–725

    Google Scholar 

  • Imase T, Maeda K, Miyake M, Sawada Y, Sumida H, Tsurugasaki K (2012) Destabilization of a caisson type breakwater by scouring and seepage failure of the seabed due to a tsunami. Proc. of. In: 6th Int. Conf. on Scour and Erosion, pp 807–814

    Google Scholar 

  • JTS154-1-2011 (2011) Code of design and construction of breakwaters. Ministry of transport of China. (in Chinese)

  • Kirby S, Geist E, Lee W H K (2006). Great earthquake tsunami sources: empiricism and beyond. USGS Tsunami Sources Workshop.

  • Mikami T, Kinoshita M, Matsuba S, Watanabe S, Shibayama T (2015) Detached breakwaters effects on tsunamis around coastal dykes. Procedia Eng 116:422–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyake M, Sumida H, Maeda K, Sakai H, Imase T (2009) Development of centrifuge modelling for tsunami and its application to stability of a caisson type breakwater. Ann J Civil Eng Ocean 25:87–92 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizutani S, Imamura F (2000) Hydraulic experimental study on wave force of a bore acting on a structure. Coast Eng J 47:946–950

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranghieri F, Ishiwatari M (2008) Learning from megadisasters: lessons from the Great East Japan Earthquake. World Bank Publications, Washington, DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossetto T, Allsop W, Charvet I, Robinson DI (2011) Physical modelling of tsunami using a new pneumatic wave generator. Coast Eng 58(6):517–527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satake K, Aung TT, Sawai Y, Okamura Y, Win KS, Swe W, Oo TZ (2005) Report on post tsunami survey along the Myanmar Coast for the December 2004 Sumatra 2 Andaman earth quake. In: 161 - 188

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun L, Zhou X, Huang W, Liu X, Yan H, Xie Z, Yang W (2013) Preliminary evidence for a 1000-year-old tsunami in the South China Sea. Sci Rep 3:1655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sumer BM (2009) Liquefaction around marine structures. In: Coastal Structures 2007 - 5th Coastal Structures International Conference, p CST07

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassa S, Takahashi H, Morikawa Y, Takano D (2016) Effect of overflow and seepage coupling on tsunami-induced instability of caisson breakwaters. Coast Eng 117:157–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawada Y, Miyake M (2015) Numerical analysis on stability of caisson-type breakwaters under tsunami-induced seepage. Transp Infrastruct Geotechnol 2(3):120–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Synolakis C E (1999) Exact solutions of the shallow-water wave equations. Advances In Coastal and Ocean Engineering. pp 61–131

  • Tadepalli S, Synolakis CE (1994) The run-up of N-waves on sloping beaches. Pro R Soc London A445:99–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Tadepalli S, Synolakis CE (1996) Model for the leading waves of tsunamis. Phys Rev Lett 77(10):2141–2144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takagi H, Bricker JD (2014) Assessment of the effectiveness of general breakwaters in reducing tsunami inundation in Ishinomaki. Coast Eng J 56(04):1450018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teh TC, Palmer AC, Damgaard JS (2003) Experimental study of marine pipeline on unstable and liquefied seabed. Coast Eng 50(1–2):1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanimoto L, Tsuruya K, Nakano S (1984) Tsunami force of Nihonkai-Chubu Earthquake in 1983 and cause of revetment damage. In Proceedings of the 31st Japanese Conference on Coastal Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 13–14 April

  • Takahashi H, Sassa S, Morikawa Y, Takano D, Maruyama K (2014) Stability of caisson-type breakwater foundation under tsunami-induced seepage. Soils Found 54(4):789–805

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Zhu CQ, Wang XZ, Qin Y (2019) Study of dilatancy behaviors of calcareous soils in a triaxial test. Mar Georesour Geotechnol 37(9):1057–1070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ye JH, Jeng DS, Wang R, Zhu CQ (2013a) Validation of a 2-D semi-coupled numerical model for fluid–structure–seabed interaction. J Fluids Struct 42:333–357

  • Ye JH, Jeng DS, Wang R, Zhu CQ (2013b) A 3-D semi-coupled numerical model for fluid–structures–seabed-interaction (FSSI-CAS 3D): model and verification. J Fluids Struct 40:148-162

  • Ye JH, Jeng DS, Wang R, Zhu CQ (2013c) Numerical study of the stability of breakwater built on a sloped porous seabed under tsunami loading. Appl Math Model 37(23):9575–9590

  • Zhang Y, Ye JH (2021) Physical modelling of the stability of a revetment breakwater built on reclaimed coral calcareous sand foundation in the South China Sea-random waves and dense foundation. Ocean Eng 219:108384

  • Zhou Q, Adams WM (1986) Tsunamigenic earthquakes in China, 1831 BC to 1980 AD. Sci Tsunami Hazards 4(3):131–148

Download references

Funding

This work received funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 51879257, as well as funding support from the “Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,” Grant No. XDA13010202.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China

    Kunpeng He & Jianhong Ye

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Kunpeng He

Authors
  1. Kunpeng He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jianhong Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jianhong Ye.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

He, K., Ye, J. Physical modeling of the dynamics of a revetment breakwater built on reclaimed coral calcareous sand foundation in the South China Sea—tsunami wave. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80, 3315–3330 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02122-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02122-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation