Abstract
In order to obtain more robust face recognition results, the paper proposes an image preprocessing method based on local approximation gradient (LAG). The traditional gradient is only calculated along 0° and 90°; however, there exist many other directional gradients in an image block. To consider more directional gradients, we introduce a novel LAG operator. The LAG operator is actually calculated by integrating more directional gradients. Because of considering more directional gradients, LAG captures more edge information for each pixel of an image and finally generates an LAG image, which achieves a more robust image dissimilarity between images. An LAG image is normalized into an augmented feature vector using the “z-score” method. The dimensionality of the augmented feature vector is reduced by linear discriminant analysis to yield a low-dimensional feature vector. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves more robust results in comparison with state-of-the-art methods in AR, Extended Yale B and CMU PIE face database.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zhao W, Chellappa R, Phillips PJ, Rosenfeld A (2003) Face recognition: a literature survey. ACM Comput Surv 34(4):399–485
Poh N, Chan CH, Kittler J et al (2010) An evaluation of video-to-video face verification. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 5(4):781–801
Turk M, Pentland A (1991) Eigenfaces for recognition. J Cogn Neurosci 3(1):71–86
Belhumeur PN, Hespanha JP, Kriegman DJ (1997) Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(7):711–720
He X, Yan S, Hu Y, Niyogi P, Zhang HJ (2005) Face recognition using Laplacianfaces. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 27(3):328–340
Goudelis G, Zafeiriou S, Pantic M (2012) Subspace learning from image gradient orientations. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 34(12):2454–2466
Goudelis G, Zafeiriou S, Tefas A, Pitas I (2007) Class-specific kernel-discriminant analysis for face verification. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 2(3):570–587
Yang J, Frangi AF, Yang J, Zhang D, Jin Z (2005) KPCA plus LDA: a complete kernel fisher discriminant framework for feature extraction and recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 27(2):230–244
Baudat G, Anouar F (2000) Generalized discriminant analysis using a kernel approach. Neural Comput 12:2385–2404
Cevikalp H, Neamtu M, Wilkes M (2006) Discriminative common vector method with kernels. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 17(6):1550–1565
Timo A, Abdenour H, Matti P (2004) Face recognition with Local Binary Patterns. In: Proceedings of the European Conference Computer Vision, Springer, Berlin, pp 269–481
Ahonen T, Hadid A, Pietikainen M (2006) Face description with local binary patterns: application to face recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 28(12):2037–2041
Chengjun L (2004) Gabor-based kernel PCA with fractional power polynomial models for face recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 26(5):572–581
Chengjun L, Wechsler H (2002) Gabor feature based classification using the enhanced Fisher linear discriminant model for face recognition. IEEE Trans Image Process 11(4):467–476
Chengjun L, Wechsler H (2003) Independent component analysis of Gabor features for face recognition. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 14(4):919–928
Jobson D, Rahman Z, Woodell G (1997) A multiscale retinex for bridging the gap between color images and the human observation of scenes. IEEE Trans Image Process 6(7):965–976
Zhang T, Tang YY, Fang B, Shang Z, Liu X (2009) Face recognition under varying illumination using gradientfaces. IEEE Trans Image Process Corresp 18(11):2599–2606
Wang H, Li S, Wang Y (2004) Face recognition under varying lighting conditions using self quotient image. In: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Autom. Face Gesture Recognition, pp 819–824
Gross R, Brajovic V (2003) An image preprocessing algorithm for illumination invariant face recognition. In Proceedings of the AVBPA, pp 10–18
Tan Xiaoyang, Triggs Bill (2010) Enhanced local texture feature sets for face recognition under difficult lighting conditions. IEEE Trans Image Process 19(6):1635–1649
Wang B, Li W, Yang W, Liao Q (2011) Illumination normalization based on Weber’s law with application to face recognition. IEEE Signal Process Lett 18(8):462–465
Wright J, Yang A, Ganesh A, Sastry S, Ma Y (2009) Robust face recognition via sparse representation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 31(2):210–227
Yang M, Zhang L, Yang J Zhang D (2011) Robust sparse coding for face recognition. In Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Elhamifar E, Vidal R (2011) Robust classification suing structured sparse representation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Int’l ConfComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Yang M, Zhang L, Yang J, Zhang D (2013) Regularized robust coding for face recognition. IEEE Trans Image Process 22(5):1753–1766
Martinez AM, Benavente R (1998) The AR face database. CVC technical report
Lee KC, Ho J, Kriegman DJ (2005) Acquiring linear subspaces for face recognition under variable lighting. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 27(5):684–698
Sim T, Baker S, Bsat M (2003) The CMU pose, illumination, and expression database[J]. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 25(12):1615–1618
Guan N, Tao D, Luo Z et al (2012) MahNMF: Manhattan non-negative matrix factorization[J]. arXiv preprint arXiv:1207:3438
Zafeiriou S, Tefas A, Buciu I, Pitas I (2006) Exploiting discriminant information in nonnegative matrix factorization with application to frontal face verification. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 17(3):683–695
Guan Naiyang, Tao Dacheng, Luo Zhigang, Yuan Bo (2011) Manifold regularized discriminative non-negative matrix factorization with fast gradient descent. IEEE Trans Image Process 20(7):2030–2048
Jain A, Nandakumar K, Ross A (2005) Score normalization in multimodal biometric systems. Pattern Recogn 38(12):2270–2285
Jun Yu, Yong Rui, Yuan Yan Tang, Dacheng Tao (2014) High-order distance-based multiview stochastic learning in image classification. IEEE Trans Cybern 44(12):2431–2442
Jun Yu, Tao Dapeng, Li Jonathan, Cheng Jun (2014) Semantic preserving distance metric learning and applications. Inf Sci 281(10):674–686
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, Z., Wang, Y., Fan, C. et al. Image preprocessing method based on local approximation gradient with application to face recognition. Pattern Anal Applic 20, 101–112 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-015-0470-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-015-0470-6