Abstract
A graded-index type photonic crystal fiber (GI-PCF) has a graded effective index distribution that can be realized by an α-power air hole diameter distribution in radial direction. Since a beam diameter varies periodically along the propagation direction in the GI-PCF with Gaussian beam excitation, an appropriate length of GI-PCF should be spliced to a single-mode PCF for collimator application. It is desired that GI-PCF structures to obtain high optical coupling efficiency and good tolerance for fiber length error are designed. In this paper, we theoretically studied coupling characteristics of GI-PCF collimator for conventional single-mode PCF depending on air hole diameter ratio to pitch, where the GI-PCF had parabolic air hole diameter distribution in radial direction, and had the air hole pitch that was equal to that in the conventional single-mode PCF. It was found that the optical coupling efficiency could be higher for larger air hole diameter ratio to pitch, where the coupling efficiency almost equal to that in conventional GI-type multimode fiber (GI-MMF) collimator could be obtained. On the other hand, it was clarified that GI-PCF collimators were more tolerant for fiber length error compared with GI-MMF collimator and that the GI-PCF with smaller air hole diameter ratio to pitch exhibited a better tolerance in fiber length error. We clarified that the GI-PCF collimator had an ability to obtain better wavelength characteristics with fiber length error compared with the GI-MMF collimator.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Russell, P. S. J.: Photonic crystal fibers. J Lightwave Technol. 24, 4729–4749 (2006)
Ranka, J.K., Windeler, R.S., Stentz, A.J.: Visible continuum generation in air–silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800 nm. Opt. Lett. 25, 25–27 (2000)
Hilligsøe, K.M., Andersen, T.V., Paulsen, H.N., Nielsen, C.K., Mølmer, K., Keiding, S., Kristiansen, R., Hansen, K.P., Larsen, J.J.: Supercontinuum generation in a photonic crystal fiber with two zero dispersion wavelengths. Opt. Express 12, 1045–1054 (2004)
Wadsworth, W. J., Joly, N., Knight, J. C., Birks, T. A., Biancalana, F., Russell, P. S. J.: Supercontinuum and four-wave mixing with Q-switched pulses in endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fibres. Opt. Express, 12, 299–309 (2004)
Lee, J.H., Belardi, W., Furusawa, K., Petropoulos, P., Yusoff, Z., Monro, T.M., Richardson, D.J.: Four-wave mixing based 10-Gb/s tunable wavelength conversion using a holey fiber with a high SBS threshold. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 440–442 (2003)
Andersen, T.V., Hilligsøe, K.M., Nielsen, C.K., Thøgersen, J., Hansen, K.P., Keiding, S.R., Larsen, J.J.: Continuous-wave wavelength conversion in a photonic crystal fiber with two zero-dispersion wavelengths. Opt. Express 12, 4113–4122 (2004)
Tajima, K., Zhou, J., Nakajima, K., Sato, K.: Ultralow loss and long length photonic crystal fiber. J. Lightwave Technol. 22, 7–10 (2004)
Nielsen, M.D., Jacobsen, C., Mortensen, N.A., Folkenberg, J.R., Simonsen, H.R.: Low-loss photonic crystal fibers for transmission systems and their dispersion properties. Opt. Express 12, 1372–1376 (2004)
Nakajima, K., Zhou, J., Tajima, K., Kurokawa, K., Fukai, C., Sankawa, I.: Ultrawide-band single-mode transmission performance in a low-loss photonic crystal fiber. J. Lightwave Technol. 23, 7–12 (2005)
Chong, J.H., Rao, M.K., Zhu, Y., Shum, P.: An effective splicing method on photonic crystal fiber using CO2 laser. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 942–944 (2003)
Xiao, L., Demokan, M.S., Jin, W., Wang, Y., Zhao, C.L.: Fusion splicing photonic crystal fibers and conventional single-mode fibers: microhole collapse effect. J. Lightwave Technol. 25, 3563–3574 (2007)
Yokota, H., Yashima, H., Imai, Y., Sasaki, Y.: Reduction of splice loss between single-mode optical fiber and high nonlinear photonic crystal fiber by air hole diameter control with CO2 laser irradiation. IEICE Trans. (Japanese Edition), J94-C, 53–56 (2011)
Tomlinson, W.J.: Applications of GRIN-rod lenses in optical fiber communication systems. Appl. Opt. 19, 1127–1138 (1980)
Emkey, W., Jack, C.: Analysis and evaluation of graded-index fiber lenses. J. Lightwave Technol. 5, 1156–1164 (1987)
Shiraishi, K., Ogura, A., Matsuura, K.: Spotsize contraction in standard single-mode fibers by use of a GI-fiber tip with a high focusing parameter. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10, 1757–1759 (1998)
Yokota, H., Higuchi, K., Imai, Y.: Light propagation characteristics in photonic crystal fibers with α-power profiles of air hole diameter distributions and their application to fiber collimator. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 55, 08RE10 (2016)
Higuchi, K., Yokota, H., Yoneya, K., Imai, Y.: Connection loss reduction in variable optical delay line by using graded-index type photonic crystal fiber. IEEJ Trans. Electr. Electron. Eng. 13, 742–747 (2018)
Yamauchi, J., Ando, T., Nakano, H.: Beam-propagation analysis of optical fibres by alternating direction implicit method. Electron. Lett. 27, 1663–1665 (1991)
Koshiba, M., Saitoh, K.: Applicability of classical optical fiber theories to holey fibers. Opt. Lett. 29, 1739–1741 (2004)
Birks, T. A., Knight, J. C., Russell, P. S. J.: Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997)
Gloge, D., Marcatili, E.A.J.: Multimode theory of graded-core fibers. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 52, 1563–1578 (1973)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16K06292.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wakabayashi, M., Yokota, H. & Imai, Y. Optical coupling characteristics of graded-index type photonic crystal fiber collimator depending on air hole diameter ratio to pitch. Opt Rev 26, 590–596 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10043-019-00529-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10043-019-00529-z