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Were oxygen isotopes of hydrothermally altered minerals just elevated by the 18O-enriched water? Theoretical inversion with thermodynamics and kinetics

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Abstract

For a long time, it has been implicitly believed that oxygen isotopes of hydrothermally altered rocks and/or minerals were only elevated by the heavy water enriched in 18O from the modern geothermal and/or fossil hydrothermal systems around the world. While it is logically likely, there is no any previous attempt to argue for the elevation of oxygen isotopes of hydrothermally altered rocks and/or minerals by a light water depleted in 18O under appropriate natural conditions. Based on a novel procedure recently proposed for dealing with thermodynamic reequilibration of oxygen isotopes between constituent minerals and water, the initial oxygen isotopes of water (i.e., \(\delta {^{18}{\text{O}}}_{\text{W}}^{\text{i}}\) value hereafter) prior to the hydrothermal alteration are theoretically inverted from the early Cretaceous postcollisional granitoid and Triassic gneissic country rock across the Dabie orogen in central-eastern China. The oxygen isotopes of hydrothermally altered rock-forming minerals were concurrently elevated by the magmatic water with moderate to high \({\delta ^{18}{\text{O}}}_{\text{W}}^{\text{i}}\) values ranging from 4.21 ± 0.04 (one standard deviation, 1SD) to 6.57 ± 0.05‰ in the course of postmagmatic processes. By contrast, oxygen isotopes of the susceptible alkali feldspar from a gneissic country rock could be preferentially elevated by the ancient meteoric water with low \(\delta {^{18}{\text{O}}}_{\text{W}}^{\text{i}}\) values down to -8.52 ± 0.56‰ during exhumation processes of the retrograde metamorphism. These fossil hydrothermal systems could kinetically sustain from a short duration of less than 12 thousand years (Kyr) via the surface-reaction oxygen exchange up to 1 million years (Myr) through the diffusive oxygen exchange, respectively, in this study. Cooling rates are further quantified for rock-forming minerals sequentially blocked and/or isolated from the magmatic water. Hereby, oxygen isotopes of constituent minerals can be hydrothermally elevated by diverse sources of water with paradoxical \(\delta {^{18}{\text{O}}}_{\text{W}}^{\text{i}}\) values, especially for the metamorphic rocks with anomalous oxygen isotopes. There is no doubt that more unexpected findings will be scientifically and methodologically decoded and/or unlocked worldwide in the coming decade(s).

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Acknowledgements

Yong-Fei Zheng is thanked for initiating this study. John W. Valley and Michael J. Spicuzza are appreciated for hosting and assisting analytical aspects of this work during the sabbatical visit of C.S.W. at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40173008 and 40033010), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-107 and XDB41000000) and the China Scholarship Council of Ministry of Education (20G05006). Associate Editor Qiuli Li and two anonymous reviewers are sincerely grateful for their professional editorial handling and constructive comments. Editor-in-Chief Lutz Nasdala is kindly acknowledged for his great effort of editorial suggestions, which are very helpful for technically clarifying the final version of our manuscript.

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  1. CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

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Wei, CS., Zhao, ZF. Were oxygen isotopes of hydrothermally altered minerals just elevated by the 18O-enriched water? Theoretical inversion with thermodynamics and kinetics. Miner Petrol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-024-00857-2

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