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Application of the flow dimension concept for numerical drawdown data analyses in mixed-flow karst systems

Application du concept de dimension d'écoulement pour l'analyse numérique des données de rabattements dans les systèmes karstiques à écoulement mixte

Aplicación del concepto de dimensión de flujo para el análisis numérico de datos de depresión en sistemas kársticos de flujo mixto

混流岩溶系统数值水位下降资料分析中应用流维概念

Aplicação do conceito de escoamento dimensional para análise numérica de dados de rebaixamento em sistemas cársticos de escoamento misto

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Abstract

A numerical discrete conduit-continuum model is employed to investigate large-scale groundwater abstraction in karst aquifers. The application of large-scale experiments is one approach to deal with the scale problem in hydraulic parameter assessment, caused by significant contrasts of hydraulic parameters in a karst aquifer. Here, conduit drawdown is evaluated by diagnostic plots and by considering the apparent flow dimension. These tools are frequently used for the interpretation of hydraulic borehole tests by analytical solutions. In contrast to existing analytical solutions, a numerical groundwater model allows the incorporation of the effect of complex parameter distributions. The objective is to demonstrate the application of diagnostic plots and flow dimension analysis for a systematic analysis of the effect of different boundary conditions as well as sink/source terms for idealized two-dimensional mixed karst aquifer systems, which ultimately extends existing analytical solutions and, therefore, contributes to the interpretation of measured field data. The analysis is focused on the apparent flow dimension and shows the extension of the cross-sectional flow area for selected models. The results are used to evaluate the large-scale pumping test of the karstified Cent Fonts catchment (Languedoc, France). The inverse calibration of two realistic, but still simplified, catchment models reveals that the apparent flow dimension supplies useful information about the general flow pattern during the Cent Fonts pumping test. The flow dimension after the end of the storage period can be explained by a large contribution of exchange flow resulting in a strong influence of radial flow on regional, i.e., kilometer scale.

Résumé

Un modèle numérique à conduit discrétisé au sein d’un continuum est utilisé pour étudier les prélèvements d’eaux souterraines à grande échelle dans les aquifères karstiques. La réalisation d’expériences à grande échelle est une approche pour traiter le problème d’échelle dans l’évaluation des paramètres hydrauliques, hétérogènes suite aux contrastes importants dans un aquifère karstique. Dans ce cas, le rabattement dans le conduit est évalué à l’aide de graphiques de diagnostic et en considérant la dimension de l’écoulement apparent. Ces outils sont fréquemment utilisés pour l’interprétation des tests hydrauliques en forage à l’aide de solutions analytiques. Contrairement aux solutions analytiques existantes, un modèle numérique d’écoulement d’eaux souterraines permet d’introduire l’effet de la distribution spatiale complexe des paramètres. L’objectif est de démontrer l’application des graphiques de diagnostic et d’analyse de la dimension de l’écoulement pour une analyse systématique de l’effet de différentes conditions aux limites ainsi que des termes source pour des/source pour des systèmes karstiques mixtes idéalisés bidimensionnel, qui permettent d’étendre en fin de compte les solutions analytiques existantes et, par conséquence, contribuer à l’interprétation des données de terrain. L’analyse se concentre sur la dimension de l’écoulement apparent et montre l’extension de la section transversale d’écoulement pour les modèles sélectionnés. Les résultats sont utilisés pour évaluer l’essai de pompage à grande échelle du système karstique des Cent Fonts (Languedoc, France). La calibration inverse de deux modèles réalistes, mais encore simplifiés, révèle que la dimension de l’écoulement apparent fournit des informations utiles concernant le mode d’écoulement général au cours de l’essai de pompage des Cent Fonts. La dimension de l’écoulement après la fin de la période de stockage peut être expliquée par une contribution importante d’écoulement échangé résultant d’une forte influence de l’écoulement radial à l’échelle régionale, c’est-à-dire kilométrique

Resumen

Se emplea un modelo numérico de conducto-continuo discreto para investigar la extracción de agua subterránea a gran escala en acuíferos kársticos. La aplicación de experimentos a gran escala es un enfoque para tratar el problema de escala en la evaluación de parámetros hidráulicos, causado por contrastes significativos en los parámetros hidráulicos en un acuífero kárstico. En este caso, la extracción del conducto se evalúa mediante parcelas de diagnóstico y considerando la dimensión aparente de flujo. Estas herramientas se utilizan frecuentemente para la interpretación de ensayos hidráulicos de pozos mediante soluciones analíticas. A diferencia de las soluciones analíticas existentes, un modelo numérico de agua subterránea permite la incorporación del efecto de distribuciones de parámetros complejos. El objetivo es demostrar la aplicación de parcelas diagnósticas y el análisis dimensional de flujo para un análisis sistemático del efecto de diferentes condiciones de borde así como términos de sumidero/fuente para sistemas idealizados de acuíferos kársticos mixtos bidimensionales, lo que extiende en última instancia las soluciones analíticas existentes y por lo tanto, contribuye a la interpretación de los datos de campo medidos. El análisis se centra en la dimensión de flujo aparente y muestra la extensión del área de flujo transversal para los modelos seleccionados. Los resultados se usan para evaluar los ensayos de bombeo a gran escala de la cuenca kárstica de Cent Fonts (Languedoc, Francia). La calibración inversa de dos modelos realísticos de captación, pero aún simplificados, revela que la dimensión de flujo aparente proporciona información útil sobre el patrón de flujo general durante los ensayos de bombeo de Cent Fonts. La dimensión de flujo después del final del período de almacenamiento puede explicarse por una gran contribución del flujo de intercambio que da como resultado una fuerte influencia del flujo radial en una escala regional, es decir, en una escala de kilómetros.

摘要

采用数值离散通道-连续模型研究岩溶含水层大规模的地下水开采。应用大规模的实验是处理岩溶含水层水力参数重大差别导致的水力参数评价中尺度问题的一种方法。这里,通过诊断图和明显的流维评价了通道水位下降。通过解析解,这些工具常常用于水力钻孔试验的解译。与现有的解析解形成对比,数值地下水模型可以合并复杂参数分布的影响。目的就是展示诊断图和流维分析在不同边界条件影响和汇/源项的系统分析中的应用,理想化二维混合的岩溶含水层系统,这个系统分析最终扩充现有的解析解,从而有助于测量的野外资料的解译。分析集中在明显的流维,显示存在着所选模型截面流面积的扩展。结果用于评价(法国朗格多克省)岩溶化的Cent Fonts流域的大规模抽水试验。两个现实的、但仍然是简化的流域模型的逆校准揭示,在抽水试验期间,明显的流维在有关总的流动形态方面提供了有用的信息。蓄水期终结之后的流维可由大量的交换流解释,大量的交换流导致区域尺度上也就是公里尺度上径向流的强烈影响。.

Resumo

Um modelo numérico discreto do tipo conduto-contínuo é empregado para investigar a retirada de águas subterrâneas em larga escala em aquíferos cársticos. A aplicação de experimentos de larga escala é uma abordagem para lidar com o problema de escala na avaliação de parâmetros hidráulicos, causado pelos contrastes significativos dos parâmetros hidráulicos em um aquífero cárstico. Aqui, o rebaixamento do conduto é avaliado por meio de gráficos de diagnóstico e considerando a dimensão de escoamento aparente. Essas ferramentas são frequentemente usadas para a interpretação de testes hidráulicos de poços por meio de soluções analíticas. Em contraste com as soluções analíticas existentes, um modelo numérico de águas subterrâneas permite a incorporação do efeito das distribuições de parâmetros complexos. O objetivo é demonstrar a aplicação de gráficos de diagnósticos e do escoamento dimensional para uma análise sistemática dos efeitos de diferentes condições de contorno, bem como os termos de sumidouros/fontes para os sistemas aquíferos cársticos mistos e bidimensionais idealizados, os quais em última instância, incorporam as soluções analíticas existentes e, portanto, contribuem para a interpretação dos dados de campo medidos. A análise é focada na dimensão aparente de escoamento e mostra a extensão da área de escoamento transversal para os modelos selecionados. Os resultados são usados para avaliar testes de bombeamento da bacia carstificada Cent Fonts (Languedoc, França). A calibração inversa de dois modelos de bacias realísticos, porém simplificados, relevam que a dimensão aparente do escoamento fornece informações úteis sobre o padrão geral de escoamento durante os testes de bombeamento em Cent Fonts. A dimensão de escoamento após o término do período de armazenamento pode ser explicada pela ampla contribuição da troca de escoamento, resultando em uma forte influência do escoamento radial regional, por exemplo, na escala de quilômetros.

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Acknowledgements

This project was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under grant Nos. LI 727/11-2 and GE 2173/2-2 and by the BRGM under grant Nos. PDR13D3E91 and PDR14D3E61. The authors thank M. Appold and three anonymous reviewers for constructive comments that significantly improved the manuscript.

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Giese, M., Reimann, T., Liedl, R. et al. Application of the flow dimension concept for numerical drawdown data analyses in mixed-flow karst systems. Hydrogeol J 25, 799–811 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1523-7

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