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Reconstructed chloride concentration profiles below the seabed in Hong Kong (China) and their implications for offshore groundwater resources

Profils de concentration en chlorure reconstruits sous le fond de mer à Hong Kong (Chine) et leurs implications sur les ressources en eaux souterraines en domaine marin

Perfiles de concentración del cloruro reconstruidos debajo del lecho marino en Hong Kong (China) y sus implicancias en los recursos de agua subterránea mar adentro

香港海底沉积物中氯离子浓度剖面的重建以及它们对近海地下水资源的意义

Perfis reconstruídos de concentração de cloretos sob o leito do mar em Hong Kong (China) e suas implicações para os recursos hídricos subterrâneos offshore

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Abstract

Offshore hydrogeology has been much less studied compared to onshore hydrogeology. The marine Quaternary system in Hong Kong (China) consists of interlayers of aquitards and aquifers and was part of the Pearl River Delta when the sea level was low before the Holocene. Core samples from six offshore boreholes were collected to measure the chloride concentration in the system by adding deionized water. A method was proposed to convert the sediment chloride into that of the original pore water. A one-dimensional sedimentation-transport model was developed to simulate the historical conservative transport of the reconstructed pore-water chloride. The model integrates present knowledge of stratigraphy and the historical evolution of the geological system. The chloride concentration profiles show that the chloride decreases from an average of 13,800 mg/L in the first marine unit to an average of 5,620 mg/L in the first aquifer. At the bottom of one borehole, the concentration is only 1,420 mg/L. The numerical model shows that the vertical chloride distribution is due to diffusion-controlled downward migration of seawater. The second marine unit obstructs the downward migration, indicating its low permeability and good aquitard integrity. The relatively fresh or brackish water in deep aquifers protected by the aquitard has the potential to be used as drinking water following some treatment, or at least as raw water with much cheaper desalinization compared with using seawater. The methodology and findings in this study are instructional for other coastal areas with similar geology and history in the South China Sea.

Résumé

L’hydrogéologie en domaine marin (offshore) est beaucoup moins étudiée que l’hydrogéologie en domaine continental. Le système marin Quaternaire de Hong Kong (Chine) consiste en une alternance de couches aquitardes et aquifères et faisait partie du delta de la rivière Pearl avant l’Holocène lorsque le niveau de la mer était plus bas. Des échantillons de matériaux provenant de six forages ont été collectés afin de mesurer les concentrations en chlorure dans le système par ajout d’eau déionisée. Une méthode est proposée pour convertir le chlorure dans les sédiments en chlorure dans l’eau porale originale. Un modèle unidimensionnel de transport de sédimentation a été développé afin de simuler le transport conservatif historique du chlorure porale reconstitué. Le modèle intègre les connaissances actuelles en stratigraphie et l’évolution historique du système géologique. Les profils de concentration en chlorure montrent une diminution des chlorures d’une moyenne de 13,800 mg/L dans la première unité marine à une moyenne de 5,620 mg/L dans le premier aquifère. A la base d’un des forages, la concentration en chlorure est de seulement 1,420 mg/L. Le modèle numérique montre que la distribution verticale en chlorure est due à une migration vers le bas de l’eau de mer, contrôlée par la diffusion. La deuxième unité marine bloque la migration vers le bas, indiquant sa faible perméabilité et ses propriétés aquitards. Les eaux relativement douces ou saumâtres dans les aquifères profonds et protégées par l’aquitard ont la possibilité d’être utilisées pour la consommation après quelques traitements, ou comme eau brute pour être désalinisée avec un coût beaucoup plus faible que l’eau de mer. La méthode et les résultats de cette étude sont intéressants pour d’autres régions côtières en contexte géologique et histoire similaire du sud de la mer de Chine.

Resumen

La hidrogeología en mar adentro ha sido mucho menos estudiada en comparación con la hidrogeología costa adentro. El sistema cuaternario marino en Hong Kong (China) está compuesto por intercalaciones de acuitardos y acuíferos y fue parte del delta del Pearl River cuando el nivel del mar estuvo más bajo con anterioridad al Holoceno. Se recolectaron muestras de testigos de seis perforaciones mar adentro para medir la concentración de cloruro en el sistema mediante la adición de agua desionizada. Se propuso un método para convertir el cloruro del sedimento en el agua original de los poros. Se desarrolló un modelo unidimensional de transporte y sedimentación para simular la reconstrucción del transporte conservativo histórico del cloruro de agua de los poros. El modelo integra el conocimiento actual de la estratigrafía y la evolución histórica del sistema geológico. Los perfiles de concentración de cloruro muestran una disminución de cloruro de un promedio de 13,800 mg/L en la primera unidad marina a un promedio de 5,620 mg/L en el primer acuífero. En el fondo de una perforación, la concentración es solamente de 1,420 mg/L. El modelo numérico muestra que la distribución vertical de cloruro es debido a la difusión controlada de la migración descendente de agua de mar. La segunda unidad marina obstruye la migración descendente, indicando su baja permeabilidad y una buena integridad acuitarda. El agua relativamente dulce o salobre en acuíferos profundos protegidos por un acuitardo tiene potencial para ser usada como agua para consumo humano siguiendo algunos tratamientos, o por lo menos como agua cruda mucha más económica para la desalinización en comparación con el agua de mar. La metodología y los hallazgos de este estudio son una enseñanza para otras áreas costeras con geología e historia similar en el mar del sur de China

摘要

对近海水文地质的研究程度远远低于对海岸水文地质的研究。香港(中国)的海相第四系由含水层和弱透水层互层组成,并且在全新世之前海平面比较低的时期是珠江三角洲的一部分。本文从香港近海的六个钻孔中采集了岩芯样品并用添加去离子水的方法测量了岩芯孔隙水中的氯离子浓度。提出了一种将沉积物中氯离子浓度转换成原始孔隙水氯离子浓度的方法。建立了一个一维沉积—运移模型以模拟孔隙水中氯离子的运移过程。该模型整合了当前已知的地层信息和该地质系统的演化历史。实测的氯离子浓度剖面表明,沉积物中的氯离子浓度从第一个海相地层中的平均13,800 mg/L 下降至第一个含水层中的平均5,620 mg/L。在其中一个钻孔的底部,氯离子浓度只有1,420 mg/L。模拟结果表明垂向氯离子浓度的分布是由扩散控制的海水向下迁移造成的。第二个海相地层阻碍了海水的向下迁移,这表明了它的低渗透性以及弱透水层的完整性。深部含水层中被上部弱透水层所保护的相对较淡的水或者微咸水在进行一些处理之后具有作为饮用水的潜力,或者至少可以作为淡化的原材料,与海水相比,其淡化成本要低得多。该研究中所使用的方法以及所获得的发现对中国南海中其他具有相似地质条件和地质历史的海岸带具有指导意义。

Resumo

Quando comparada com a hidrogeologia em terra, a hidrogeologia offshore tem sido muito menos estudada. O sistema Quaternário marinho em Hong Kong (China) consiste numa intercalação de camadas de aquitardos e aquíferos e fez parte do Delta do Rio das Pérolas quando a nível do mar era baixo, antes do Holocénico. Foram recolhidas amostras de sondagem de seis poços offshore para medir a concentração de cloretos no sistema através da adição de água desionizada. Foi proposto um método para converter os cloretos do sedimento nos da água original nos poros. Para simular o transporte conservativo histórico do cloreto reconstruído da água dos poros foi desenvolvido um modelo de transporte de sedimentos unidimensional. O modelo integra o conhecimento presente da estratigrafia e a evolução histórica do sistema geológico. Os perfis de concentração de cloreto mostram que o cloreto decresce de uma média de 13,800 mg/L na primeira unidade marinha para uma média de 5,620 mg/L no primeiro aquífero. Na base de um dos poços, a concentração é de apenas 1,420 mg/L. O modelo numérico mostra que a distribuição vertical de cloretos é devida à migração para baixo, controlada pela difusão, de água do mar. A segunda unidade marinha obstrui a migração para baixo, indicando a sua baixa permeabilidade e a boa integridade do aquitardo. As águas relativamente doces ou salobras nos aquíferos profundos protegidos pelo aquitardo têm potencial para ser usadas como água de consumo na sequência de algum tratamento, ou pelo menos como água bruta com um tratamento de dessalinização muito menos oneroso do que a água do mar. A metodologia e os resultados deste estudo são instrutivos para outras áreas costeiras com geologia e histórias semelhantes no Mar do Sul da China.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Lung Chan for sharing the soil samples and Xusheng Wang and Ya Wang for useful discussions in data interpretation. This study was supported by the General Research Fund of the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (HKU 702611P and HKU 703010P) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41372261).

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Correspondence to Jiu Jimmy Jiao.

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Jiao, J.J., Shi, L., Kuang, X. et al. Reconstructed chloride concentration profiles below the seabed in Hong Kong (China) and their implications for offshore groundwater resources. Hydrogeol J 23, 277–286 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1201-6

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