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Warming Effects on Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes Are Modulated by Plant Functional Types

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Abstract

Despite the importance of future carbon (C) pools for policy and land management decisions under various climate change scenarios, predictions of these pools under altered climate vary considerably. Chronic warming will likely impact both ecosystem C fluxes and the abundance and distribution of plant functional types (PFTs) within systems, potentially interacting to create novel patterns of C exchange. Here, we report results from a 3-year warming experiment using open top chambers (OTC) on the Tibetan Plateau meadow grassland. Warming significantly increased C uptake through gross primary productivity (GPP) but not ecosystem respiration (ER), resulting in a 31.0% reduction in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in warmed plots. The OTC-induced changes in ecosystem C fluxes were not fully explained by the corresponding changes in soil temperature and moisture. Warming treatments significantly increased the biomass of graminoids and legumes by 12.9 and 27.6%. These functional shifts were correlated with enhanced local GPP, but not ER, resulting in more negative NEE in plots with larger increases in graminoid and legume biomass. This may be due to a link between greater legume abundance and higher levels of total inorganic nitrogen, which can potentially drive higher GPP, but not higher ER. Overall, our results indicate that C-climate feedbacks might be closely mediated by climate-induced changes in PFTs. This highlights the need to consider the impacts of changes in PFTs when predicting future responses of C pools under altered climate scenarios.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Ministry of Science & Technology (2012BAH31B03), and the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment of Chinese Academy of Sciences (SKLLQG1303). Contributions from Dr. Luo’s Eco-lab to this study was financially supported by US Department of Energy, Terrestrial Ecosystem Sciences Grant DE SC0008270 and US National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant DBI 0850290, EPS0919466, DEB 0743778, DEB 0840964, and EF 1137293. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from China Scholarship Council (award for a 1-year study abroad at the University of Oklahoma).

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China

      Ji Chen & Rui-Wu Wang

    2. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061, China

      Ji Chen, Junji Cao, Rujin Huang & Feng Wu

    3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

      Ji Chen

    4. Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA

      Ji Chen, Yiqi Luo, Kevin R. Wilcox, Lifen Jiang, Tafeng Hu, Junyi Liang & Zheng Shi

    5. Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

      Yiqi Luo

    6. Tiantong National Field Observation Station for Forest Ecosystem, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China

      Jianyang Xia & Xuhui Zhou

    7. Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China

      Jianyang Xia & Xuhui Zhou

    8. Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, China

      Junji Cao

    9. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

      Shuli Niu

    10. Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA

      Katerina Y. Estera

    11. College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China

      Jianfen Guo

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    Author contributions

    Ji Chen, Junji Cao, Xuhui Zhou, and Rujin Huang conceived and designed the study. Ji Chen, Feng Wu, Tafeng Hu, Junyi Liang, and Zheng Shi performed research. Jianyang Xia, Lifen Jiang, Shuli Niu, Kevin R. Wilcox, and Jianfen Guo analyzed the data. Jianyang Xia, Shuli Niu, and Rui-Wu Wang contributed new methods or models.

    Ji Chen, Kevin R. Wilcox, and Katerina Y. Estera wrote the paper.

    Our original data set can be found at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305437349_Warming_effects_on_ecosystem_carbon_fluxes_are_modulated_by_plant_functional_types.

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    Chen, J., Luo, Y., Xia, J. et al. Warming Effects on Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes Are Modulated by Plant Functional Types. Ecosystems 20, 515–526 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-0035-6

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